Notes in 16 Radiation biology

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Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyWhat mediates the majority of biological (DNA) damage due to radiation?{{c1::free radicals}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::Xeroderma pigmentosa}} is a dermatological disorder characterized by increased sensitivity to {{c2::UV light}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::Ataxia telangiectasia}} is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by increased sensitivity to {{c2::X-rays}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::Deterministic}} effects occur once the radiation exposure crosses a certain threshold
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::0.5}} Gy is a decrease in {{c1::periphera…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::2}} Gy are {{c1::cataracts::occular}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::2}} Gy is radiation-induced {{c1::erythema::ea…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::3}} Gy is {{c1::epilation (hair loss)::la…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::15}} Gy is moist {{c1::desquamation::late derm…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::20}} Gy is {{c1::vascular::cardiovascular…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::0.15}} Gy is temporary {{c1::male::male/female…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyOne deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold of ≥{{c2::3.5}} Gy is permanent {{c1::female::male/femal…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyIn development of radiation-induced cataracts, the {{c1::posterior::anterior/posterior}} pole is preferentially affe…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyFor a given dose, {{c2::high::high/low}}-LET radiation (neutrons, alpha particles) are much {{c1::more::more/le…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyRadiation-induced Erythema can occur in {{c1::1–2}} days, but may take up to {{c1::10–14}} days after exposure
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyRadiation-induced Erythema dose:{{c1::2}} Gy: Transient early erythema {{c1::6}} Gy: Robust erythema
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyRadiation-induced Epilation (hair loss) occurs {{c1::3}} weeks after exposure
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyRadiation-induced Epilation (hair loss) dose:{{c1::3}} Gy: Temporary epilation {{c1::7}} Gy: Permanent epi…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyRadiation-induced Desquamation may occur {{c1::4}} weeks after exposure
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyLate effects of radiation including ulceration and depigmentation are due to {{c1::dermal}} dama…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::Doubling dose}} is the dose required to double the {{c2::spontaneous mutation rate}} when applied to a populat…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyDoubling dose is approximately {{c1::1}} Gy given to each member of the population
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation BiologyThe risk of hereditary effects (for an individual) is thought to be approximately {{c1::0.2}}% per {{c1::Sv::unit}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::LD 50/X}} is the lethal dose that kills 50% of the population in X days
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::3–4}} Gy: LD 50/{{c2::60}} due to failure of {{c3::hematopoietic}} system
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::10}} Gy: LD 50/{{c2::5}} due to denuding of the {{c3::GI tract}} lining
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: Radiation Biology{{c1::100}} Gy: LD 50/{{c2::2}} due to {{c3::cerebrovascular}} syndrome
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General Radiography{{c1::Stochastic}} effects are random, carcinogenic, and not associated with a threshold
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General Radiography{{c1::Stochastic::stochastic/deterministic}} effects arise after a latent period of several years
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyStochastic effect risk depends on the {{c1::dose}}, {{c2::dose rate}}, and type of {{c3::tissue}} exposed
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyThe Linear No Threshold Model assumes:- no {{c1::threshold}} is required for a stochastic effect - risk …
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General Radiography{{c2::Linear No Threshold Model}} characterizes risk of developing {{c1::solid tumors::malignancy type}}, with lat…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General Radiography{{c2::Linear-Quadratic of dose}} characterizes risk of developing {{c1::leukemia::malignancy type}}, with latency …
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyAcute radiation exposure carries a risk of developing cancer of approximately {{c1::8}}% per Gy
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyThe risk of leukemia is approximately {{c1::1}}% per Sv (acute dose)
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyChronic radiation exposure carries a risk of cancer of {{c1::4}}% per Gy
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyWhat is the most radiosensitive tissue in the human body?{{c1::Thyroid gland}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyOccupational/iatrogenic exposures:Ankylosing spondylitis (treated with X-rays) → {{c1::leukemia::malignancy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyOccupational/iatrogenic exposures:Fluoroscopy for tuberculosis → {{c1::breast cancer::malignancy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyOccupational/iatrogenic exposures:Marshall island inhabitants (nuclear weapon testing) → {{c1::thyroid tumors…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyOccupational/iatrogenic exposures:Miners (especially uranium) → {{c1::lung cancer::malignancy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyOccupational/iatrogenic exposures:Dial painters → {{c1::bone sarcomas::malignancy}} and {{c1::nasopharyngeal …
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation effects on the fetus >2 Gy:Weeks ~{{c2::0–2 (pre-implantation)}} → {{c1::abortion ("all or nothi…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation effects on the fetus >2 Gy:Weeks ~{{c2::2-8 (organogenesis)}} → {{c1::congenital::effect}} abnor…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation effects on the fetus >2 Gy:Weeks ~{{c2::8-15 (fetal growth)}} → mental {{c1::retardation (40%/Sv…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation effects on the fetus >2 Gy:Weeks ~{{c2::15-25}} → mental {{c1::retardation (10%/Sv)::effect}}, c…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyFor pregant radiation workers, the radiation dose limit is {{c1::0.5}} mSv/month allowed or ~{{c1::5}} mSv/pregnan…
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyLead aprons attenuate externally measured radiation dose by a factor of {{c1::20}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyA mother’s overlying abdominal tissues can attenuate radiation dose to the fetus by a factor of {{c1::2}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyThe maximum radiation dose to the general public allowed by medical radiation is {{c1::1}} mSv per year
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation dose limits by body part:Eyes: {{c1::150}} mSv/year
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadiation dose limits by body part:Everything other than eyes: {{c1::500}} mSv/year
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyThe maximum radiation dose to a pregnant radiation worker's fetus is {{c1::5}} mSv/year
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyThe maximum permissible effective dose for a non-pregnant occupational worker is {{c1::50}} mSv/year
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyBackground radiation varies by location, but averages about {{c1::3}} mSv/year (excluding medical radiation)
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyWhat exposure accounts for 55% of our background radiation?{{c1::Radon}}
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadon is an {{c2::alpha::particle type}} emitter with a half-life of {{c1::3}} days
Published	05/01/2023	Imaging Physics: General RadiographyRadon's parent radionuclide is {{c1::radium}}, with a half-life of {{c2::1600}} years
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