Notes in Week 4

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Coarctation of the aorta}} is the narrowing of the aorta near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus This is referred to as {{c1::juxtaductal}}
Published	03/05/2025	Coarctation of the aorta in adults may present with {{c1::hyper}}tension in the upper extremities and {{c1::hypo}}tension in the lower extremities
Published	03/05/2025	Coarctation of the aorta is associated with a {{c1::bicuspid}} aortic valve and an increased risk of developing {{c2::berry}} aneurysms
Published	03/05/2025	Coarctation of the aorta may cause upper extremity hypertension and aortic {{c1::dissection}}
Published	03/05/2025	Name four complications from coarction of the aortaAortic {{c1::rupture}}{{c1::Heart failure}}{{c1::Infective endocarditis}}{{c1::Cerebral hemorrhage}…
Published	03/05/2025	Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphragm):Identify:[sound:22 Pulm, Split S2 Eject Sys Mur, Supine, Diaph.mp3]{{c1::Systolic ejection murmur with persistent s…
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Fixed}} splitting is a delayed pulmonic sound, regardless of inspiration Commonly caused by {{c1::atrial septal defect (ASD)}}
Published	03/08/2025	Does a ventricular septal defect cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Holosystolic murmur::Specific}}"{{c1::Harsh}}-sounding murmur"
Published	03/05/2025	Where is a murmur due to ventricular septal defect the loudest? {{c1::Tricuspid area (left lower sternal border / 4th left ICS)}}
Published	03/05/2025	A continuous, machine-like murmur is indicative of what pathology? {{c1::Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)}} which occurs during {{c1::both systole and d…
Published	03/05/2025	A murmur due to patent ductus arteriosus is loudest at which heart sound? {{c1::S2}}
Published	03/05/2025	What is the likely cause of this harsh-sounding murmur?{{c1::Ventricular septal defect}}
Published	03/05/2025	What is the likely cause of this murmur? {{c1::Patent ductus arteriosus}}
Published	03/05/2025	Where is a murmur due to atrial septal defect the loudest? {{c1::Pulmonic area (left 2nd ICS)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Where is a murmur due to pulmonic stenosis the loudest? {{c1::Pulmonic area (left 2nd ICS)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Ischemic heart disease is usually due to {{c1::atherosclerosis}} of {{c2::coronary}} arteries- Results in decreased blood flow to the {{c1::myocardium…
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Angina}} is chest pain due to myocardial ischemia (secondary to coronary artery narrowing or spasm)
Published	03/05/2025	Does angina cause myocyte necrosis? {{c1::No, damage is reversible}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Stable}} angina is characterized by chest pain that arises with {{c2::exertion}} or emotional stressvs. vasospastic & unstable ang…
Published	03/05/2025	Stable angina is often due to {{c2::atherosclerosis}} of coronary arteries with >{{c1::70}}% stenosis
Published	03/05/2025	Stable angina often presents with chest pain lasting {{c1::< 20}} minutes that radiates to the {{c2::left arm}} or {{c2::jaw}} May also present wit…
Published	03/05/2025	Stable angina is often relieved by {{c1::rest}} or with {{c2::nitroglycerin}}
Published	03/05/2025	What ECG finding is associated with stable angina during exertion? {{c1::ST-segment depression (subendocardial ischemia)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Unstable angina is characterized by chest pain that occurs during {{c1::rest}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c3::Unstable}} angina is due to rupture of atherosclerotic plaque with {{c1::thrombosis}} and {{c2::incomplete}} occlusion of a coronary artery
Published	03/07/2025	What ECG findings are associated with unstable angina? {{c1::ST-segment depression}} and/or {{c1::T-wave inversion}}Cardiac biomarkers {{c1::are …
Published	03/05/2025	What drug may be used to relieve symptoms due to unstable angina?{{c1::Nitroglycerin}}
Published	03/05/2025	Unstable angina has a high risk of progression to {{c1::myocardial infarction}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Vasospastic}} angina is characterized by episodic chest pain during {{c2::rest}} due to coronary artery {{c3::spasm}}
Published	03/05/2025	What ECG finding(s) are associated with vasospastic angina? {{c1::ST-segment elevation (transmural ischemia)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Vasospastic angina is relieved by {{c1::nitrate}} drugs, {{c2::Ca2+ channel}} blockers, and smoking cessation (if applicable)
Published	03/05/2025	Known triggers of vasospastic angina include {{c1::tobacco}}, {{c2::cocaine}}, {{c3::triptans}}, and alcohol
Published	03/05/2025	What heart chamber is most commonly affected by myocardial infarction? {{c1::Left ventricle}}
Published	03/05/2025	Myocardial infarction most commonly involves the {{c1::left anterior descending (LAD)}} artery (45%)
Published	03/08/2025	The second most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the {{c1::right coronary artery}}Infarction of the inferior or posterior wall, po…
Published	03/05/2025	The third most common artery involved in a myocardial infarction is the {{c1::left circumflex artery}}Infarction of the lateral wall of the {{c2::LV}}
Published	03/05/2025	The initial phase of myocardial infarction (subendocardial infarcts) shows ST-segment {{c1::depression}} on ECG
Published	03/05/2025	The later phase of myocardial infarction (transmural infarcts) shows ST-segment {{c1::elevation}} and Q waves on ECG
Published	03/20/2025	When suspecting a myocardial infarction, laboratory tests are used to detect elevated {{c1::cardiac::general}} enzymes
Published	03/05/2025	In the first 6 hours, {{c1::ECG}} is the gold standard for diagnosis of myocardial infarction
Published	03/05/2025	What is the most specific cardiac biomarker used for diagnosis of myocardial infarction? {{c1::Troponin I}}
Published	03/05/2025	Troponin I levels rise {{c1::2-4}} hours after an MI and peak at {{c1::24}} hours
Published	03/05/2025	Troponin I levels return to normal {{c1::7-10 days}} after an MI
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::CK-MB}} is a cardiac biomarker that is useful for detecting {{c2::reinfarction}} following acute MI
Published	03/05/2025	CK-MB levels rise {{c1::6-12}} hours after an MI and peak at {{c1::16-24}} hours
Published	03/05/2025	CK-MB levels return to normal {{c1::2-3 days}} after an MI
Published	03/05/2025	Large myocardial infarctions lead to {{c1::greater}} elevations in troponin I and CK-MB
Published	03/05/2025	CK-MB is predominantly found in myocardium, but can also be released from {{c1::skeletal muscle}}
Published	03/07/2025	One complication that may occur {{c2::4}} - {{c2::10}} days post-MI is {{c1::interventricular septal rupture}}, which causes a ventricular septal defe…
Published	03/05/2025	Which artery is associated with anteroseptal myocardial infarction?{{c1::Left anterior descending (LAD) artery}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anteroseptal myocardial infarction? {{c1::V1 - V2::2}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which artery is associated with anteroapical myocardial infarction?{{c1::Distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anteroapical myocardial infarction? {{c1::V3 - V4::2}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which arteries may be associated with anterolateral myocardial infarction?{{c1::LAD or LCX::2}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an anterolateral myocardial infarction? {{c1::V5 - V6::2}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which artery is associated with lateral myocardial infarction?{{c1::Left circumflex artery (LCX)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a lateral myocardial infarction? {{c1::I, aVL::2}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which artery is typically associated with inferior myocardial infarction?{{c1::Right coronary artery (RCA)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in an inferior myocardial infarction? {{c1::II, III, aVF::3}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which artery is associated with posterior myocardial infarction?{{c1::Posterior descending artery (PDA)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Which leads show ST elevations or Q waves in a posterior myocardial infarction? {{c1::V7 - V9}}
Published	03/05/2025	Congenital heart defects arise during embryogenesis, usually in weeks {{c1::3}} through {{c1::8}}
Published	03/21/2025	Defects with left-to-right shunting may be relatively asymptomatic at birth, but the shunt can eventually {{c1::reverse}} → Termed {{c1::Eisenmenger}}…
Published	03/05/2025	Left-to-right shunting results in increased flow through the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary {{c1::hypertension}}
Published	03/05/2025	The pulmonary hypertension seen with long-standing left-to-right shunts causes the right ventricle to {{c1::hypertrophy}}
Published	03/05/2025	The combination of right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension in response to left-to-right shunting results in shunt {{c1::reversal}}
Published	03/05/2025	Uncorrected left-to-right shunting eventually results in reversal, which presents with late {{c1::cyanosis}} ({{c2::Eisenmenger}} syndrome)
Published	03/05/2025	Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by a triad of:- {{c1::Late cyanosis}}- {{c1::Clubbing}}- {{c1::Polycythemia}}
Published	03/05/2025	Compared to right-to-left shunts, left-to-right shunts lead to cyanosis at a(n) {{c1::later}} age
Published	03/05/2025	Compared to left-to-right shunts, right-to-left shunts lead to cyanosis at a(n) {{c1::earlier}} age
Published	03/05/2025	What is the most common congenital heart defect? {{c1::Ventricular septal defect (VSD)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Atrial and ventricular septal defects are associated with both {{c1::fetal alcohol}} syndrome and Down syndrome
Published	03/05/2025	Ventricular septal defect (VSD) results in a(n) {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt
Published	03/05/2025	Smaller ventricular septal defects are often {{c1::asymptomatic}} and may close spontaneously, but on physical exam will present with a {{c2::murmur}}
Published	03/05/2025	How is a large ventricular septal defect treated? {{c1::Surgical closure}}
Published	03/05/2025	What symptoms does ventricular septal defect typically present with at birth?{{c1::Typically asymptomatic}}
Published	03/05/2025	Larger ventricular septal defects may lead to left ventricle {{c1::overload}} and, consequently, {{c2::heart failure}}
Published	03/05/2025	What is the most common type of atrial septal defect (ASD)?{{c1::Ostium secundum (90%)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Ostium {{c1::primum}} is a less common type of atrial septal defect that is associated with {{c2::Down}} syndrome
Published	03/05/2025	Atrial septal defect (ASD) results in a(n) {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt
Published	03/05/2025	What effect does atrial septal defect (ASD) have on S2 splitting? {{c1::Causes a wide, fixed split}}
Published	03/05/2025	Atrial septal defect may be distinguished from a patent foramen ovale in that the septa are {{c1::missing tissue}} rather than unfused
Published	03/05/2025	In the fetal period, the ductus arteriosus acts as a(n) {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shunt
Published	03/05/2025	In the neonatal period, a patent ductus arteriosus becomes a(n) {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt as pulmonary vascular resistance decreases
Published	03/05/2025	Patency of a patent ductus arteriosus is maintained by {{c1::prostaglandin E (PGE)}} synthesis and low O2 tension
Published	03/05/2025	Uncorrected patent ductus arteriosus may eventually result in late cyanosis in the {{c1::lower}} extremities
Published	03/05/2025	Treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) involves {{c1::indomethacin::specific drug}}, which decreases PGE, resulting in PDA closure
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Tetralogy of Fallot}} is a congenital heart disease that may be remembered with the mnemonic "PROVe":{{c1::Pulmonary infundibular stenosis::P}}{…
Published	03/05/2025	Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease that may be remembered with the mnemonic {{c1::PROVe}}
Published	03/05/2025	Tetralogy of Fallot results in a(n) {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shunt with {{c2::early::early/late}} central cyanosis
Published	03/05/2025	The degree of shunting in tetralogy of Fallot is determined by the degree of {{c1::right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (from pulmonary infundi…
Published	03/05/2025	{{c2::Tetralogy of Fallot}} is characterized by a(n) {{c1::boot}}-shaped heart on CXR
Published	03/05/2025	Patients with tetralogy of Fallot often experience "{{c1::tet}} spells" which may be caused by crying, fever, and exercise due to exacerbation of RV o…
Published	03/05/2025	Patients with tetralogy of Fallot may {{c1::squat}} in response to cyanotic spells, which decreases right-to-left shunting by increasing {{c2::systemi…
Published	03/05/2025	What is the most common congenital heart defect that causes early cyanosis?{{c1::Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Tetralogy of Fallot is caused by {{c1::anterosuperior}} displacement of the infundibular septum
Published	03/05/2025	{{c3::D-transposition of the great vessels (TGV)}} is characterized by the {{c1::pulmonary artery}} arising from the left ventricle and {{c1::aorta}} …
Published	03/05/2025	D-transposition of the great vessels and VSD are associated with maternal {{c1::diabetes::endocrine}}
Published	03/05/2025	D-transposition of great vessels is not compatible with life unless a(n) {{c1::shunt}} is created
Published	03/05/2025	D-transposition of great vessels is due to failure of the {{c1::aorticopulmonary septum}} to spiral
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::PGE1 (alprostadil)}} may be administered to patients with D-transposition of great vessels to maintain a PDA until definitive surgical repair is…
Published	03/05/2025	D-transposition of great vessels results in {{c1::hypertrophy::atrophy/hypertrophy}} of the right ventricle and {{c1::atrophy::atrophy/hypertrophy}} o…
Published	03/07/2025	D-transposition of great vessels (TGV) is an example of a(n) {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shuntCauses {{c2::early::early/late}} cyanosis and {{c2::sh…
Published	03/05/2025	Most patients with persistent truncus arteriosus have accompanying {{c1::ventricular septal}} defect
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Tricuspid atresia}} is the failure of the tricuspid valve orifice to develop
Published	03/05/2025	Tricuspid atresia leads to right ventricle {{c1::hypoplasia}}
Published	03/05/2025	Tricuspid atresia requires both {{c1::ASD}} and {{c1::VSD}} for viability
Published	03/05/2025	Tricuspid atresia is an example of a(n) {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shunt
Published	03/05/2025	The {{c2::infantile}} form of coarctation of the aorta is associated with a(n) {{c1::patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)}}
Published	03/05/2025	In the infantile form, coarctation of the aorta lies {{c1::after}} the aortic arch, and {{c1::before}} the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Published	03/05/2025	Coarctation of the aorta in infants presents as {{c1::lower}} extremity cyanosis, often at birth
Published	03/05/2025	Preductal coarctation of the aorta is associated with {{c1::Turner}} syndrome
Published	03/05/2025	In the adult form, coarctation of the aorta lies {{c2::after}} the aortic arch, and {{c2::after}} the insertion of the ductus arteriosus
Published	03/05/2025	In the adult form of coarctation of the aorta, collateral circulation develops most notably across the {{c1::intercostal}} arteries
Published	03/05/2025	What X-ray finding is associated with the adult form of coarctation of the aorta? {{c1::'Notching' of ribs}} due to {{c1::engorged intercostal arterie…
Published	03/05/2025	Where is a continuous murmur due to patent ductus arteriosus best heard?{{c1::Left infraclavicular area}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Ventricular}} septal defect leads to an increased O2 saturation in the {{c2::RV}} and {{c2::pulmonary artery}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Atrial}} septal defect leads to an increased O2 saturation in the {{c2::RA}}, RV and pulmonary artery
Published	03/05/2025	Diagnosis of a current or previous myocardial infarction may be aided by the presence of pathologic {{c1::Q}} waves on ECG
Published	03/05/2025	There is an increased risk for {{c1::posteromedial}} papillary muscle rupture (post-MI) due to its single blood supply from the {{c2::posterior descen…
Published	03/05/2025	The foramen ovale usually closes shortly after birth because of increased {{c1::left atrial}} pressure
Published	03/05/2025	Failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth results in a(n) {{c1::patent foramen ovale (PFO)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Patent foramen ovale (PFO) can lead to {{c1::paradoxical}} emboli, which are venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation
Published	03/05/2025	Ventricular septal defects usually occur in the {{c1::membranous}} portion of the interventricular septum
Published	03/05/2025	Most of the deoxygenated blood from the fetal SVC is ultimately conducted to the {{c1::descending aorta}} via the {{c2::ductus arteriosus}}, which byp…
Published	03/05/2025	Closure of the ductus arteriosus occurs in response to:- Increased {{c1::O2}} from respiration- Decreased {{c2::PGE1 / PGE2::2}} due to…
Published	03/05/2025	Coronary blood flow peaks in early {{c1::diastole::systole/diastole}}
Published	03/05/2025	The partial pressure of O2 in arteriolar blood is slightly {{c1::lower}} than alveolar air due to the "{{c2::physiologic shunt}}"
Published	03/05/2025	The two sources of the physiologic shunt are {{c1::bronchial}} blood flow and a small portion of {{c2::coronary}} venous blood
Published	03/05/2025	In {{c1::right}}-to-{{c1::left}} shunts, {{c2::hypoxemia}} always occurs because a significant fraction of the cardiac output is not delivered to the …
Published	03/05/2025	A defining characteristic of hypoxemia caused by a right-to-left shunt is that it {{c1::cannot}} be corrected with high O2 gas
Published	03/05/2025	Do left-to-right shunts result in hypoxemia? {{c1::No}}
Published	03/05/2025	Rank the following from highest to lowest prevalence: ASD, PDA, VSD{{c1::VSD > ASD > PDA}}
Published	03/05/2025	What chromosomal abnormality is commonly associated with endocardial cushion defects? {{c1::Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)}}
Published	03/05/2025	One common cause of an embolic ischemic stroke is DVT in a patient with a(n) {{c1::patent foramen ovale (PFO)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Portosystemic shunts may be treated with {{c1::TIPS}} between the portal and {{c2::hepatic}} veins
Published	03/05/2025	Which layer of the heart wall is most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia? {{c1::Subendocardium (LV)}}
Published	03/05/2025	What is the likely diagnosis in a young patient with a smoking history that presents with episodic chest pain that resolves spontaneously and is assoc…
Published	03/05/2025	What intervention is most likely to improve cardiovascular and overall long-term mortality in patients with acute STEMI? {{c1::Prompt restoration of c…
Published	03/05/2025	What is the most common heart defect in patients with Down syndrome?{{c1::Complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)}}
Published	03/05/2025	In {{c2::central}} cyanosis, there is {{c1::normal}} blood flow, and patients will have {{c1::warm::temperature}} extremities
Published	03/05/2025	Central cyanosis typically manifests in the {{c1::lips}}, nail beds, conjunctiva, and other mucosal surfaces
Published	03/05/2025	In {{c2::peripheral}} cyanosis, there is {{c1::low}} blood flow, and patients will have {{c1::cold::temperature}} extremities
Published	03/05/2025	Right-to-left shunts typically require urgent surgical treatment and/or maintenance of a(n) {{c1::PDA}}
Published	03/05/2025	The 5 T's of right-to-left shunts:1. {{c1::Truncus arteriosus::1 vessel}}2. {{c1::Transposition::2 switched vessels}}3. {{c1::Tricuspid atresia::3 = T…
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Pulmonary atresia}} is the failure of the pulmonic valve orifice to develop
Published	03/05/2025	Pulmonary atresia results in no flow from {{c1::right ventricle}} to {{c1::lungs}}
Published	03/05/2025	Pulmonary atresia often co-exists with {{c1::VSD}} for outflow of RV
Published	03/05/2025	In total myocardial ischemia, loss of cardiomyocyte contractility occurs within {{c1::60 seconds}} after onset
Published	03/05/2025	When total myocardial ischemia lasts < 30 minutes, restoration of blood flow leads to {{c1::reversible contractile}} dysfunction
Published	03/05/2025	After 30 minutes of total myocardial ischemia, is ischemic injury reversible?{{c1::No}}
Published	03/05/2025	In the normal heart, the aorta is {{c2::posterior}} and to the {{c2::right}} of the pulmonary artery; whereas in D-transposition of the great vessels,…
Published	03/05/2025	In a patient with ASD, will repair of the precipitating cardiac defect prevent pulmonary vascular sclerosis from becoming irreversible?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/05/2025	Patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can be predisposed to {{c1::respiratory tract}} infections
Published	03/05/2025	Which lead shows ST elevations or Q waves in a left main (LCA) myocardial infarction? {{c1::aVR}}
Published	03/05/2025	Eisenmenger syndrome leads to a decreased O2 saturation in the {{c1::left ventricle}}
Published	03/08/2025	Arteriovenous (AV) shunts {{c1::increase}} preload and {{c1::decrease}} afterloadRoute blood directly from {{c1::arterial}} system to the {{c1::v…
Published	03/05/2025	Digital clubbing is often associated with prolonged {{c1::hypoxia}}
Published	03/21/2025	Fetal alcohol syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome may predispose to which congenital heart defect?{{c1::Tetralogy of Fallot}}
Published	03/05/2025	Atrial septal defects are usually asymptomatic, but may present with a(n) {{c1::wide, fixed split S2}} heart sound on cardiac auscultation, and rarely…
Published	03/05/2025	Large ventricular septal defects may present with a harsh, blowing {{c1::holosystolic}} murmur with thrill; and can lead to {{c2::endocarditis}}, prog…
Published	03/05/2025	What congenital heart defect presents with a holosystolic murmur at left lower sternal border and a mid-diastolic murmur at apex ± systolic thrill?{{c…
Published	03/05/2025	What is the likely diagnosis in a young child who presents with failure to thrive and easy fatigability with a grade II holosystolic murmur best heard…
Published	03/05/2025	Harsh, holosystolic murmur with palpable thrill: {{c1::Ventricular septal defect}}
Published	03/05/2025	Some VSDs are asymptomatic at birth due to increased {{c1::pulmonary vascular resistance}}
Published	03/05/2025	Three causes of holosystolic murmurs:{{c1::Mitral regurgitation (MR)Tricuspid regurgitation (TR)Ventricular septal defect (VSD)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Edwards syndrome and holosystolic murmur at left sternal border is suggestive of {{c1::ventricular septal defect (VSD)::diagnosis}}
Published	03/05/2025	When do symptoms of vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina most commonly occur?{{c1::Night (when at rest)}}
Published	03/05/2025	What is the next step in diagnosis for a patient with new-onset epigastric pain, nausea, hypotension, bradycardia and T-wave inversions in leads II, I…
Published	03/05/2025	NSTEMI often presents with ST segment {{c1::depressions}} in ECG leads that correspond to the region of infarcted myocardium
Published	03/05/2025	Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor lowers morbidity and mortality rates in patients with {{c1::acute coronary syndrom…
Published	03/05/2025	Hyperacute {{c1::T}} waves may be seen on ECG during the first few seconds of STEMI progression
Published	03/05/2025	Myocardial infarction with occlusion of the {{c1::right}} coronary artery may present with bradycardia and/or heart block
Published	03/05/2025	Myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the {{c1::right}} coronary artery may present with jugular venous distension
Published	03/05/2025	Does ASD present with a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	03/05/2025	Atrial septal defect (ASD) has a(n) {{c1::positive::+ or -}} bubble study on cardiac echocardiography
Published	03/05/2025	What congenital heart disease may cause heart failure and shock after PDA closure?{{c1::Severe coarctation of the aorta}}
Published	03/05/2025	What congenital heart disease may present with lower extremity claudication?{{c1::Coarctation of the aorta}}
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunts may cause endocarditis
Published	03/05/2025	The cardiac silhouette of transposition of great vessels looks like a(n) "{{c1::egg on a string}}" on CXR
Published	03/05/2025	{{c1::Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)}} presents as respiratory distress, cyanosis, prominent S2, and difference in pre-ductal…
Published	03/08/2025	What is the shape of a murmur due to aortic stenosis? {{c1::Crescendo-decrescendo}}
Published	03/08/2025	Where is a murmur due to aortic stenosis the loudest? {{c1::Aortic area (right 2nd ICS)}}
Published	03/08/2025	A murmur due to {{c2::aortic stenosis}} may radiate to the {{c1::carotid}} arteries
Published	03/08/2025	Does mitral / tricuspid regurgitation cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Holosystolic murmur::Specific}}
Published	03/08/2025	A holosystolic high-pitched "blowing" murmur is indicative of what pathology? {{c1::Mitral / tricuspid regurgitation}}
Published	03/08/2025	Where is a murmur due to mitral regurgitation the loudest? {{c1::Apex (mitral area) - left 5th ICS at the midclavicular line}}
Published	03/08/2025	A murmur due to {{c2::mitral regurgitation}} may radiate to the {{c1::axilla}}
Published	03/08/2025	Where is a murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation the loudest? {{c1::Tricuspid area (4th left ICS)}}
Published	03/08/2025	A murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation may radiate to the {{c1::right sternal border}}
Published	03/08/2025	Does mitral valve prolapse (MVP) cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Late systolic (with midsystolic click)::Specific}}
Published	03/08/2025	What causes the midsystolic click in a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse?{{c1::Sudden tensing of the chordae tendineae}}
Published	03/08/2025	What is the shape and timing of a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse? {{c1::Late systolic crescendo}}
Published	03/08/2025	Where is a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse the loudest? {{c1::Apex (mitral area)}}
Published	03/08/2025	A murmur due to mitral valve prolapse is loudest just before which heart sound? {{c1::S2}}
Published	03/08/2025	Does aortic regurgitation cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Diastolic}}
Published	03/08/2025	What is the shape and timing of a murmur due to aortic regurgitation? {{c1::Early diastolic decrescendo}}
Published	03/08/2025	Does mitral stenosis cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?{{c1::Diastolic}}
Published	03/08/2025	A delayed, rumbling late diastolic murmur is indicative of what pathology? {{c1::Mitral stenosis}}
Published	03/08/2025	A diastolic murmur with an opening snap is most likely indicative of what pathology?{{c1::Mitral stenosis}}
Status	Last Update	Fields