Notes in Haematological Cancer: Leukaemia LECTURE 29

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Published	01/07/2025	leukaemia{{c1::'liquid'}} tumourarises in {{c1::bone marrow}}types: {{c1::lymphoid or myeloid}}usually spills into the {{c1::blood}}
Published	01/07/2025	lymphoma{{c1::'solid'}} tumourarises in the {{c1::lymph nodes}}, may spread into the bone marrowtype: {{c1::lymphoid}}may involve other {{c1::non…
Published	01/07/2025	oncogene{{c1::mutated}} gene that contributes to the development of cancer
Published	01/07/2025	tumour supressor genes supress {{c1::oncogenes}}
Published	01/07/2025	oncogenes can be triggered by exposure to {{c1::genetic}} modifers/{{c1::environmental}} modifiers which causes leukaemia to occur
Published	01/07/2025	understand following diagram{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	acute leukaemia-how does it happen?-onset-if left untreated-prevalenceproliferation of {{c1::immature}} cellsimmature cells (blasts) in {{c1…
Published	01/07/2025	chronic leukaemiaproliferation of {{c1::mature}} cells{{c1::gradual}} onset{{c1::indolent}} coursemore likely in {{c1::older}}&nbs…
Published	01/07/2025	myeloid leukaemiaeverything other than cells from {{c1::lymphocyte}} linefor example: {{c1::granulocytes/monocytes/RBCs/megakaryocytes}}
Published	01/07/2025	lymphoid leukaemiacells from {{c1::lymphocyte}} line
Published	01/07/2025	what is this rash a sign of?low {{c1::platelet}} count (thrombocytopoenia)
Published	01/07/2025	symptoms of bone marrow failure:conjuctival {{c1::pallor}}{{c1::nosebleeds}}easy {{c1::bruising}}{{c1::rash}} (thrombocytopoenia)
Published	01/07/2025	what is neutropenia?what does this cause?production of too few {{c1::neutrophils}}patients more {{c1::susceptible}} to infections
Published	01/07/2025	tissue infiltrationsometimes the leukaemia cells infiltrate and cause enlargement of {{c1::tissues}} e.g. lymph nodes/spleen/liver/gums/nervous s…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the different ways leukaemia can present?{{c1::tissue}} infiltration{{c1::infections}}(signs of {{c1::bone marrow}} failure) - brui…
Published	01/07/2025	what is disseminated intravascular coagulation?when leukaemia cells start to release their contents into the {{c1::blood}} which can cause kidney…
Published	01/07/2025	diagnosis of leukaemia{{c1::history}}{{c1::examination}} (top-toe){{c1::blood count}} (Low Hb,RCC, platelet, neurotrophil count but high Whi…
Published	01/07/2025	how to make a definitive diagnosis of leukaemia?{{c1::bone marrow}} biopsy
Published	01/07/2025	immunophenotyping/flow cytometrycell surface {{c1::antigens}} (CD antigens of WBCs)to help determine which type of leukaemia it is
Published	01/07/2025	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)most common malignancy in {{c1::childhood}}presents with: {{c1::bone marrow involvement/bulky disease (lymphadenopa…
Published	01/07/2025	B cell ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia){{c1::Bone marrow}} failure{{c1::Big spleen}} (splenomagaly)markers: {{c1::CD10, CD19}}
Published	01/07/2025	T cell ALLage group: {{c1::Teenage boys}}Thoracic {{c1::lymphadenopathy}} - mediastinal widening on CXRLow {{c1::CD numbers (CD5, 7)}}
Published	01/07/2025	acute myeloid leukaemiaat least 20% {{c1::blasts}} in marrow/filmtend to see in {{c1::older patients (65)}}Hallmark: {{c1::auer rods}} …
Published	01/07/2025	acute promyelocytic leukaemiavariant of {{c1::AML}}associated with severe {{c1::coagulopathy}}activates {{c1::clotting pathway}}, depletion of cl…
Published	01/07/2025	treatment for acute leukaemia (generally){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	systemic anti-cancer therapy{{c1::chemotheraphy}} combinationcan take months/years and can be {{c1::intense}}{{c1::immunotherapy}} (e.g. mon…
Published	01/07/2025	what is allogeneic transplantation?blood {{c1::stem cell}} transplant from a donor - usually done if conventional treatment does not achieve full…
Published	01/07/2025	chemotherapy requires {{c1::venous access}}
Published	01/07/2025	prognosis in acute leukaemiafatal in weeks/months if left {{c1::untreated}}varies by {{c1::type, age, response to treatment}}{{c1::childhood ALL}}&nbs…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the acute leukaemia types?{{c1::ALL - acute lymphoblastic leukaemia}}{{c1::AML - acute myeloid leukaemia}}\{{c1::APL - acute promyelocytic le…
Published	01/07/2025	chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)age: {{c1::older age (70)}}{{c1::indolent}}{{c1::good}} prognosis (median survival 10yrs){{c1::B}} lympho…
Published	01/07/2025	Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia presentationmost commonly {{c1::incidental}} finding (high WCC) asymptomaticgeneralised {{c1::lymphadenopathy}}sple…
Published	01/07/2025	CLL - typical anaemia presented with:Autoimmune {{c1::haemolytic}} anaemia{{c1::Bone marrow}} failure
Published	01/07/2025	chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)age: {{c1::older age (50)}}mutation of stem cell for whole {{c1::myeloid line}}: granulocytes, monocytes, megakary…
Published	01/07/2025	CLL special considerations:CD19+ {{c1::B}} cell surface antigenscross-over with {{c1::lymphoma}} - can transform to a high grade lymphomausu…
Published	01/07/2025	CML can turn into {{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukaemia or Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia}}
Published	01/07/2025	CML (hallmark abnormality at chromosomal level){{c1::philadelphia}} chromosometranslocation between long arm of chromosome {{c1::9}} (ABL1 g…
Published	01/07/2025	treatment of CML{{c1::tyrosine kinase inhibitor}} (e.g. imatinib) which induces complete remission in c.70% of casesCML results in overproduction…
Published	01/07/2025	CAN JUST KNOW{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	which leukaemia is associated with DAT+ haemolytic anaemia?{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia}}
Published	01/07/2025	philadelphia chromosome is a translocation between {{c1::9,22}}
Published	01/07/2025	widened meadiastinum and small blasts on blood film associated with {{c1::Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia}}
Published	01/07/2025	high WBC and blasts with Auer rods associated with:{{c1::AML}}
Published	01/07/2025	The following are signs of?conjuctival pallornosebleedseasy bruisingrash (thrombocytopoenia)
Published	01/07/2025	-Liquid tumour-Arises in bone marrow-Myeloid or lymphoid-Usually spreads to blood
Published	01/07/2025	-Rapid proliferation of immature cells-Rapid onset-Younger patients-Devestating course if left untreated-Immature cells in bone marrow/blood
Published	01/07/2025	-Proliferation of mature cells-Gradual onset-Indolent course-Older patients-Mature cells in bone marrow/blood
Published	01/07/2025	-Most common malignancy in childhood-B cell/T cell-Presents with bone marrow involement/bulky disease-Involvement of CSF and CNS
Published	01/07/2025	- Greater prevalence in older patients- Auer rods- Myeloperoxidase positive granules- >20% blasts in film/bone marrow
Published	01/07/2025	-Variant of AML-Associated with: severe coagulapathy, activation of clotting pathway and depletion of clotting factors, haematological emergency
Published	01/07/2025	-Older age-Good prognosis-Indolent-B-lymphocytes-Small/medium sized lymphocytes on blood film/marrow-Smear cells on blood film-presents with autoimmun…
Published	01/07/2025	-Older patients-Mutation of stem cell for whole myeloid line of cells-Chronic, accelerated and blast crisis (phases)-Philadelphia chromosome
Published	01/07/2025	Which cancer presents with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (affects immune system)?
Published	01/07/2025	risks of allogeneic transplantation:G{{c1::raft}} failure{{c1::GvHD}} (graft vs host disease)Inf{{c1::ection}}F{{c1::ertility}}P{{c1::sychos…
Published	01/07/2025	CML presentationHallMark: high {{c1::basophil}} countvery high {{c1::WBC}} (>100x109/L) (all granulocytes)patients often {{c1::asymptomat…
Published	01/07/2025	CML - diagnosishall mark feature: {{c1::basophilia}} (increase in basophils) on peripheral film (highly specific)different phases defined by {{c1::bla…
Published	01/07/2025	adverse risk factors make {{c1::prognosis worse}}:age{{c1::>60}}gender{{c1::Male}}WBC count{{c1::High}}csf involved?: {{c1::CSF involvement}}{…
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