Notes in Limb Embryology

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Published	01/10/2024	What is the embryonic period?
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Mesodermal germ cells}} close to the midline proliferate and form a thick layer known as the {{c1::paraxial mesoderm,}} and laterally, the mesod…
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Parietal}} mesoderm layer covers the {{c2::amnion}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Visceral}} mesoderm layer covers the {{c2::yolk sac}}
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Intermediate mesoderm}} connects paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
Published	01/10/2024	What layer does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?
Published	01/10/2024	{{c3::Paraxial mesoderm}} begins to be organized into segments called {{c2::somitomeres}} which further organize into {{c1::somites}}.
Published	01/10/2024	Formation of {{c3::segmented somites}} depends on a {{c2::segmentation clock}} established by cyclic expression of the {{c1::NOTCH…
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Boundaries}} for each somite are regulated by {{c1::retinoic acid (RA)}} and a combination of {{c1::FGF8 and WNT3a}}.
Published	01/10/2024	RA is expressed at {{c1::high}} concentrations cranially and {{c1::decreases}} in concentration caudally
Published	01/10/2024	Combination of FGF8 and WNT3a proteins is expressed at {{c1::higher}} concentrations caudally and {{c1::lower}} ones cranially
Published	01/10/2024	How does the segmentation clock work?
Published	01/10/2024	What occurs during epithelization in somites?
Published	01/10/2024	What does the sclerotome become?
Published	01/10/2024	What does the dermatome become?
Published	01/10/2024	What does the dermomyotome become?
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::Sclerotome cells}} express the transcription factor {{c1::PAX1}}, which initiates the cascade of {{c3::cartilage- and bone-forming genes for ver…
Published	01/10/2024	Expression of {{c1::PAX3}}, regulated by {{c2::WNT proteins}} from the dorsal neural tube, marks the {{c3::dermomyotome region of the somite…
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::WNT proteins}} initiate expression of the muscle-specific gene {{c1::MYF5}} and to form {{c3::epaxial muscle precursors}}.
Published	01/10/2024	The midportion of the dorsal epithelium of the somite is directed by{{c1:: neurotrophin 3 (NT-3),}} secreted by the dorsal region of the neu…
Published	01/10/2024	Mesoderm cells of the {{c3::parietal layer}} form the {{c2::mesothelial membranes/serous membrane}}s, which will line the {{c1::peritoneal,…
Published	01/10/2024	Mesoderm cells of the {{c1::visceral layer}} form a {{c2::thin serous membrane around each organ}}
Published	01/10/2024	Which mesoderm is skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle derived from respectively?
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Ectoderm}} at the distal border of the limb thickens and forms the {{c2::apical ectodermal ridge (AER)}}
Published	01/10/2024	What is the apical ectodermal ridge?
Published	01/10/2024	What is the stylopod?
Published	01/10/2024	What is the zeugopod?
Published	01/10/2024	What is the autopod?
Published	01/11/2024	{{c2::Positioning of the limbs}} along the craniocaudal axis in the flank regions of the embryo is regulated by the {{c1::HOX genes}} expres…
Published	01/10/2024	The {{c2::cranial limit of expression}} of{{c1:: HOXB8 }}is at the cranial border of the forelimb and designats limb positioning
Published	01/10/2024	Specification of the {{c1::forelimb}} is regulated by the transcription factor {{c2::TBX5}}; specification of the {{c1::hind limb}} is regulated by&nb…
Published	01/10/2024	Expression of {{c1::RADICAL FRINGE }}restricts the location of the {{c2::AER to the distal tip}} of the limbs
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2:: Formation of the AER border}} itself is assisted by expression of {{c1::ENGRAILED-1 }}in ventral ectoderm cells, because this ge…
Published	01/10/2024	After the ridge is established, it expresses {{c1::FGF4 and FGF8,}} which maintain the {{c2::undifferentiated zone}}
Published	01/10/2024	Limb outgrowth is initiated by {{c1::fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10}} secreted by {{c2::lateral plate mesoderm}} in the limb-forming region
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Anteroposterior patterning}} of the limb is controlled by cells in the {{c2::zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)}} at the posterior border.
Published	01/10/2024	Cells in the {{c2::posterior border of the ZPA}} secrete {{c1::SHH}} to  contributes to specification of the anteroposterior axis.
Published	01/10/2024	Mutations in {{c1::HOXA13 }}result in {{c2::hand–foot–genital syndrome}}, characterized by {{c3::fusion of the carpal bones and s…
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::TBX5 mutations (chromosome 12q24.1)}} result in {{c2::Holt-Oram syndrome}}, characterized by {{c3::upper limb abnormalities and heart …
Published	01/10/2024	{{c1::Osteogenesis imperfecta}} is characterized by {{c2::shortening, bowing,}} and hypomineralization of the long bones of the limbs that can re…
Published	01/10/2024	Differentation moves in a {{c1::proximal to distal}} fashion.
Published	01/10/2024	The dorsoventral limb axis is directed by {{c1::WNT7a,}} which is expressed in {{c2::the dorsal ectoderm.}} This gene induces expression of the {…
Published	01/10/2024	{{c2::BMP4 proteins}} initiate expression of the muscle-specific gene {{c1::MYOD}} in {{c4::dorsolateral dermamyotome}} and to form {{c3::primaxial/ab…
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