Notes in Exam II

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Published	09/19/2024	Which embryonic tissues give rise to the appendicular skeleton/limb bud, and the skeletal muscles, respectively?
Published	09/19/2024	What are the two signaling centers for limb patterning, and what patterning do they induce? Which colored structure are they?
Published	09/19/2024	What process allows for formation of individual digits from paddles, or reduction of digits in some species?
Published	09/19/2024	What gives rise to somites? How so?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two types of somite specialization?
Published	09/19/2024	What adult structures arise from the sclerotome and dermomyotome?
Published	09/20/2024	The myotome further differentiates into two regions. What are they, and what adult structures do they give rise to?
Published	09/20/2024	Why is it important that the limb bud be properly innervated?
Published	11/20/2024	From which portion of the spinal cord (ventral or dorsal) do the myotome muscles become innervated?
Published	09/20/2024	What are the three categories of Dysostoses?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the terms for when sensory info is being transmitted to the CNS versus motor info being transmitted to tissues?
Published	11/20/2024	Before joining and becoming a full spinal nerve distally, what are the 2-ish components coming from the spinal cord? Which carries afferent vs. effere…
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two types of neuron within somatic nerves, and what makes them different structurally?
Published	11/20/2024	Broadly, what is a nerve made of and what can it accomplish?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the name for a region with many interconnected nerves?
Published	11/20/2024	Are spinal nerves strictly sensory, motor, or mixed nerves?
Published	11/20/2024	What 3 groups of structures are innervated by the ANS?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the primary difference between an ANS nerve and a SNS nerve?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the components of the 2-neuron motor system? And where are the cell bodies?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two subsystems of the ANS, and what are their different functions on the body?
Published	11/20/2024	Where do sympathetic nerves originate from, and what two ganglia classes do the preganglionic fibers project to?
Published	11/20/2024	Where do parasympathetic nerves originate from? Where do the preganglionic fibers run to, and how far?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the anatomical term for armpit?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the three ganglia of the sympathetic trunk? These are found as you travel cranially from the sympathetic chain.
Published	11/20/2024	What are the three prevertebral sympathetic ganglia? These are found ventral to the sympathetic chain.
Published	11/20/2024	Which four cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic function?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two components of the vagosympathetic trunk, and which direction does efferent information flow in each?
Published	11/20/2024	The parasympathetic nerves associate with 4 parasympathetic ganglia. Name two of these ganglia, and their respective cranial nerve.
Published	11/20/2024	What is the primitive endoderm structure that becomes the lung bud?
Published	11/20/2024	Within the thorax cavity, {{c1::lateral visceral mesoderm}} contributes to development of the {{c2::smooth muscle and pleura/serous membranes}}. …
Published	11/20/2024	What is the function of type I alveolar cells vs. type II?
Published	11/20/2024	The term for alveolar collapse is {{c1::atelectasis}}, and in neonates it is caused by inadequate {{c1::surfactant}} production. This can be …
Published	11/20/2024	What does pulmonary surfactant do?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four essential steps of respiratory development for neonate survival?
Published	11/20/2024	During longitudinal folding of the embryo, what structure becomes the initial barrier between the abdominal and thoracic cavities?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four embryonic structures that make up the diaphragm? Which of these becomes the central diaphragmatic tendon (bolded)?
Published	11/20/2024	After the primitive heart moves into its future cavity and lung buds begin to grow, {{c1::pleuropericardial folds}} begin to form a membrane betw…
Published	11/20/2024	What cardiac membrane arises from the mature pleuropericardial folds?
Published	11/20/2024	What is a serous membrane, and what is the membrane called when surrounding the heart, thoracic cavity, and abdominal cavity?
Published	11/20/2024	Follow the flow of blood through the heart, beginning with the deposition via the vena cava, until recirculation
Published	11/20/2024	What is the major difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuit?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle, and which valves are open/closed in each?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two "pacemaker" nodes in the heart? Which one is the primary pacemaker(bold)?
Published	11/20/2024	What valves are closing during the two heart sounds?
Published	11/20/2024	Where is the puncta maxima for each heart valve in canines?
Published	11/20/2024	Where are the crura located on the diaphragm? What two structures are found between them?
Published	11/20/2024	The thorax normally has higher pressure than atmosphere, causing expiration. What causes the thoracic pressure loss during inspiration, and what can c…
Published	11/20/2024	The ligamentum arteriosus was what structure in the fetus?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the nervous structure between the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglea?
Published	11/20/2024	Relative to the heart/lungs, where does the vagus nerve switch from left/right to ventral/dorsal?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the three primary veins that dump into the right atrium?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four branches of the subclavian artery? (Not including its continuation as the axillary)
Published	11/20/2024	What is the ascending Aorta vs. Descending?
Published	11/20/2024	As the internal thoracic a. travels dorsally, it transistions into two different arteries, what are they?
Published	11/20/2024	What 6 vessels arise from the brachial artery?
Published	11/20/2024	From what vessel does the ulnar artery arise from?
Published	11/20/2024	From what embryonic tissues do primitive vessels and heart tubes form? Which other embryonic tissue is important for maturation of the heart?
Published	11/20/2024	Broadly, what are the steps to form the heart tube from the primitive vessels of the embryo?
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6175:top=.1265:width=.3584:height=.1533:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6552:top=.3387:width=.2571:height=.155…
Published	11/20/2024	During normal cardiac development, the heart tube will loop to the {{c1::right}} before tucking and pointing to the left side of the thoracic cavity.
Published	11/20/2024	What structure is the first to begin division of the heart cavities, by splitting the AV canal?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four steps for formation of the bilayered interatrial septum?
Published	11/20/2024	What is the source of high-pressure blood in the fetus vs. the neonate? What structures allows this to change?
Published	11/20/2024	What heart structure's formation is dependent on neural crest cells?
Published	11/20/2024	What three structures need to fuse in order to form a functional interventricular septum?
Published	11/20/2024	In the heart tube, these primitive structures mature into these adult structures{{c1::Sinus Venosus}} > {{c2::Smooth portion of R/L atria}}{{c1::Pr…
Published	11/20/2024	What are the five common cardiovascular congenital defects?
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1923:top=.0226:width=.1028:height=.0244:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7761:top=.0348:width=.0971:height=.032…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5991:top=.4449:width=.2398:height=.0506:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2408:top=.4972:width=.5039:height=.055…
Published	11/20/2024	What is the ductus venosus, and what condition arises when it doesn't apoptose in neonates?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the three fetal shunts that close after birth?
Published	11/20/2024	What postnatal structures arise from the umbilical vein and arteries?
Published	11/20/2024	{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4865:top=.3659:width=.2926:height=.0511:oi=1}}{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.827:top=.3625:width=.1514:height=.0602…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0086:top=.0874:width=.4428:height=.1391:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0086:top=.2352:width=.4428:height=.132…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c8::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5714:top=.633:width=.2702:height=.0565:oi=1}}{{c8::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1075:top=.6438:width=.2504:height=.0478…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c4::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7182:top=.4647:width=.1169:height=.0389}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4079:top=.0852:width=.0663:height=.0341}}{{…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.261:top=.2661:width=.0544:height=.0531}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.263:top=.5743:width=.0687:height=.0549}}{{c1…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4145:top=.8154:width=.1179:height=.1009}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.416:top=.3053:width=.1048:height=.1175}}
Published	11/20/2024	What 3 structures that make up the pelvic cavity?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the four ligaments associated with the ovary and uterus?
Published	11/20/2024	What are the two important sections of the broad ligament of the uterus, and what are they associated with?
Published	11/20/2024	The pelvic diaphragm consists of the {{c1::coccygeus}} and {{c1::levator ani}} muscles
Published	11/20/2024	List the four sub-cavities of the pelvic cavity and the structures that separate them.{{c1::Sacrum}}{{c2::Pararectal fossa}}{{c1::Rectum}}{{c2::R…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6602:top=.5763:width=.1289:height=.0374}}{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6641:top=.6811:width=.125:height=.0674}}{{c…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6191:top=.3505:width=.1374:height=.0613}}{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6218:top=.6103:width=.1067:height=.0735}}{{…
Published	11/20/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0703:top=.146:width=.2144:height=.0594}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.718:top=.1447:width=.2144:height=.0567}}{{c2…
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