Notes in LE21 Intro to Immunology

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Published	10/07/2024	Immune system can potentially be harmful:{{c1::Autoimmune}} disordersfailure to recognize self leads to immune-mediated attack against organs, cells, …
Published	10/07/2024	Immune system defends against (x4): {{c1::bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses}}
Published	10/07/2024	2 components of immune system:Innate immunity - {{c1::detects pathogens and directs immediate protective responses}}Adaptive immunity - {{c2::detects …
Published	10/07/2024	Immunohematology focus on adaptive immune system:{{c2::T}} and {{c3::B}} cells carry antigen receptors for antigen recognition thus, high {{c4::s…
Published	10/07/2024	Myeloid/monocytic (primarily {{c1::innate}} immunity roles){{c3::neutrophils}} and {{c4::monocytes}}phagocyticprimarily protect against {{c2::bacteria…
Published	10/07/2024	Lymphoid (primarily {{c1::adaptive}} roles)3 cell types{{c2::B cells and plasma cellsT cellsNK cells}}differentiated by cell surface markers since the…
Published	10/07/2024	Antigen presenting cells (APCs)take up {{c1::"foreign" antigens}}, present antigen on APC cell to naive {{c2::T cells}} to induce {{c3::T cell activat…
Published	10/07/2024	Cytotoxic T cellsco-expression of {{c1::CD3}} (global T cell surface marker) and {{c2::CD8}} on cell surfacetargets and {{c3::destroys}} cellsHelper T…
Published	10/07/2024	B cellsbone marrow (BM) derivedwith {{c3::maturation}}, acquire surface markers promoting {{c1::antigen-presentation}} and {{c2::antibody production}}…
Published	10/07/2024	Plasma cells{{c1::= terminal stage, mature B cell}} for antibody productionpresent in {{c2::LN (lymph node)}} and {{c3::BM (bone marrow)}}surface mark…
Published	10/07/2024	Antibodiessecreted form of {{c1::B cell receptor }}components:{{c2::constant}} and {{c3::variable}} regionslight chain components: {{c4::kappa or…
Published	10/07/2024	Antibody functions:neutralization of {{c1::target (e.g., neutralizes a bacterial toxin)}}opsonization{{c2::coating target}} for clearance by immune ce…
Published	10/07/2024	Antibody repertoire/diversity generated via:{{c1::somatic recombination}} for antibody genes of Ig heavy chain, kappa light chain or lambda light chai…
Published	10/07/2024	appreciation of this beauty (consider the interplay/roles of APC, T cell, B cell, plasma cell, foreign antigen, antibody for "T cell-dependent antibod…
Published	10/07/2024	Different antibodies of Ig isotypes:{{c1::IgM}}anti-microbial, does not cross placenta, mostly in blood {{c2::IgG }}anti-microbial, crosses …
Published	10/07/2024	T-cell independent activation of B cell (minor)antigen stimulates {{c1::B cell receptor (BCR)}} and B cell secretes {{c2::IgM}} antibodies
Published	10/07/2024	Complementcascading {{c1::protein}} system of innate system attacking micro-organisms or foreign elements via lysis, opsonization{{c2::antibody}}-base…
Published	10/07/2024	RBC antibodiesmost RBC antigens lead to {{c1::IgG}} response which primarily opsonizes target for phagocytosis (T cell dependent)
Published	10/07/2024	IgM functional activityactivates {{c1::complement cascade}} to lyse target cellstypically {{c2::directly lyse}} RBCsminorly produced in T cell-indepen…
Published	10/07/2024	{{c1::Hemolysis}} AKA "RBC clearance"=end result of immune system targeting RBCs for destructionhemolysis in {{c2::extravascular}} space (e.g., spleen…
Published	10/07/2024	Hemolysis labs for anemiareduced RBC massany evidence of increased RBC destruction byproducts:{{c1::lactate dehydrogenase (LDH}} is released into bloo…
Published	10/07/2024	Hemolysis lab via metabolism of hemoglobinelevelated levels of {{c1::total bilirubin}} (hemoglobin breakdown byproduct)decreased levels of {{c2::hapto…
Published	10/07/2024	in malignant blood/bone marrow disorders, {{c1::heterogeneity}} is lost so one population becomes dominant and often suppresses othersdominant populat…
Published	10/07/2024	Polyclonal B cells{{c1::diverse}} surface immunoglobulinsmonoclonal B cellsexpression of {{c2::single}} immunoglobulin clone
Published	10/07/2024	Establish clonality via:{{c1::cellular morphology}}abnormal or immature elements are suspiciouslow sensitivity and specficity{{c2::cell surface marker…
Published	10/07/2024	T cell-dependent alloimmune response to RBC antigens{{c1::foreign}} RBCs enter circulation (via {{c2::blood transfusion}} or {{c3::fetus in pregnancy}…
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