Notes in Cytoskeleton & Cell Motility

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Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Treadmilling}} is when actin monomers are being added to the + and removed from the - end of the filament simultaneously which leaves the length…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Formin}} is an actin-binding protein that {{c2::binds to actin monomers and facilitates nucleation at the + end. It stays attached to the + end …
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Profilin}} is an actin binding protein that {{c2::exchanges the ADP in ADP-bound actin with an ATP which "recharges" the G actin monomer. }…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Arp2/3}} is an actin-binding protein that {{c2::binds to the barbed end,  intiates formation of branches and stays bound to the end of the …
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::ADF (Actin Depolymerizing Factor) aka Cofilin}} is an actin-binding protein that {{c2::binds to actin on the - end and enhances the rate of diss…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::CapZ}} is a capping protein (actin-binding) which {{c2::binds to the + end and inhibits polymerization. }}
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Tropomodulin}} is a capping protein (actin-binding) which {{c2::binds to the - end and prevents dissociation of actin monomers. }}
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Fimbrin}} is a protein that {{c2::helps bundle actin together by holding two actin filaments close in parallel. }}
Published	08/06/2024	{{c2::Alpha-actinin}} helps to {{c1::hold two actin filaments together so the bundle can contract such as in muscle contraction. }}
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Filamin}} is a protein that {{c2::helps to cross-link actin filaments in a network and is important for supporting the surface of the cell.&nbsp…
Published	08/06/2024	An example of cell movement involves nerve cells with {{c1::Filopodia which are actin filaments that push out first}}, followed by {{c2::Lamellopodia …
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Wiskott-Aldrich}} syndrome is a disease in which the gene coding for the {{c2::WASP}} protein stops working and makes the actin cytoskeleton in …
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Microvilli}} are projections of the plasma membrane that are supported by actin fillament bundles. {{c2::Fimbrin and Villin}} link actin filamen…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Intermediate filaments}} are important for cell structure and localization of cellular processes. Their structure involves a {{c2::central domai…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS)}} is a disease resulting in defective {{c2::Keratin}} which is a type of intermediate filament, resulting in…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Microtubules}} help to determine cell shape, assist with intracellular transport, etc. They look like {{c2::hollow tubes composed of an Alp…
Published	08/06/2024	{{c2::MAPs (Microtubule Associated Proteins)}} can cap microtubule ends and help them grow by bringing in GTP-bound beta tubulin.One example is {{c1::…
Published	08/06/2024	There are 2 types of microtubules in nerve cells:{{c1::Axons: Oriented with the + end away from the cell body and are attached to Tau which help to st…
Published	08/06/2024	There are 2 types of microtubule motor proteins: {{c1::Dynein: Moves toward center of the cell in the - direction. Use ATP for hydrolysis. }…
Published	08/06/2024	What is the Axoneme?{{c1::It is Composed of microtubules arranged in a "9 + 2" pattern with 2 in the center surrounded by 9 doublets.}} {{c2::The doub…
Published	08/06/2024	What is the basal body?{{c1::Similar to the centrioles, it anchors minus ends of microtubules inside the cell. }}{{c2::Contains 9 triplets of mic…
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubule movement involves Dynein's {{c1::light}} chain binding to the A tubule and the {{c2::heavy}} chain binding to the B tubule and as head gro…
Published	08/06/2024	the cytoskeleton is comprised of 3 predominant protein: {{c1::actin}}{{c1::intermediate filaments}}{{c1::microtubules}}
Published	08/06/2024	Actin Assembly: individual molecules called {{c1::G (globular) actin}}{{c1::G actin}} monomers initially form {{c2::dimers}} and {…
Published	08/06/2024	Actin filaments have {{c1::polarity}}
Published	08/06/2024	Cell migration is a coordinated cycle of movements. the steps are: {{c1::extension of leading edge}}{{c1::attachment of leading edge to substratu…
Published	08/06/2024	What process is required for the extension of the leading edge in cell movement?{{c1::Branching and polymerization of the barbed end of actin filament…
Published	08/06/2024	What proteins are recruited to the plasma membrane to facilitate actin polymerization?{{c1::1. Arp2/3, 2. WASP/Scar complex, 3. Plus-end-tracking prot…
Published	08/06/2024	What is the role of the WASP/Scar complex in cell movement?{{c1::Activates Arp2/3.}}
Published	08/06/2024	What is the function of plus-end-tracking proteins in cell movement?{{c1::They connect growing actin filaments to the plasma membrane.}}
Published	08/06/2024	How is enough force generated to move the cell membrane during cell movement? {{c1::Through the branching and polymerization of the barbed end of…
Published	08/06/2024	What happens to the pointed ends of actin filaments during cell movement?{{c1::They are disassembled by ADF/cofilin.}}
Published	08/06/2024	How are actin filaments reactivated after disassembly by ADF/cofilin?{{c1::They are reactivated by profilin.}}
Published	08/06/2024	Formin binds to {{c1::Monomers}} and its function is to {{c2::elongate unbranched filaments}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Arp 2/3 binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::initiate formation of branches}}.
Published	08/06/2024	ADF/cofilin binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::dissociate and sever filaments}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Profilin binds to {{c1::Monomers}} and its function is to {{c2::stimulate filament formation}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Twinfilin binds to {{c1::Monomers}} and its function is to {{c2::transport monomer to filament}}.
Published	08/06/2024	CapZ binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::cap (+) end}}
Published	08/06/2024	Tropomodulin binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::cap (-) end}}
Published	08/06/2024	Fimbrin, Villin bind to {{c1::Filaments}} and their function is to {{c2::connect two filaments close together in parallel}}.
Published	08/06/2024	α-actinin binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::connect two filaments in bundle}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Filamin binds to {{c1::Filaments}} and its function is to {{c2::cross-link two filaments}}
Published	08/06/2024	WASP/Scar* binds to {{c1::Arp 2/3}} and its function is to {{c2::activate Arp 2/3}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are named because their diameter is between {{c1::microtubules}} and {{c1::actin filaments}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are important for cell {{c1::structure}} and localization of {{c1::cellular processes}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are stronger and more stable than {{c1::actin filaments}} and {{c1::microtubules}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments have a central {{c1::rod}} domain, an amino-terminal domain, and a {{c1::carboxy-terminal}} domain.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments form {{c1::dimers}}, and two dimers form a {{c1::tetramer}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Tetramers of intermediate filaments form {{c1::protofilaments}}, and eight protofilaments form a {{c1::filament}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments form a network in the {{c1::cell}} and associate with the nucleus, plasma membrane, actin, and {{c1::microtubules}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is caused by defective {{c1::keratin}}, leading to skin splitting in the {{c1::epidermis}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are the {{c1::largest}} cytoskeletal protein and are involved in determining cell shape, locomotion, and {{c1::intracellular transport}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are hollow tubes composed of dimers of {{c1::α}} and {{c1::β}} tubulin.
Published	08/06/2024	Both α- and β-tubulin bind {{c1::GTP}}, which regulates microtubule {{c1::polymerization}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules exhibit dynamic instability, alternating between growth and {{c1::shrinkage}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The {{c1::centrosome}} is the microtubule organizing center and initiates microtubule growth towards the {{c1::plasma membrane}}.
Published	08/06/2024	In nerve cells, axons send signals and contain {{c1::tau}} protein, while dendrites receive signals and contain {{c1::MAP-2}} protein.
Published	08/06/2024	Dynein moves along microtubules towards the {{c1::minus}} end, while kinesin moves towards the {{c1::plus}} end.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubule-based projections of the plasma membrane, such as {{c1::cilia}} and {{c1::flagella}}, are important for cell movement and fluid transport.
Published	08/06/2024	Cilia have a "9+2" pattern with a central pair of microtubules surrounded by {{c1::nine}} outer microtubule {{c1::doublets}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Smoking damages {{c1::cilia}} in the trachea and bronchial tubes, leading to respiratory issues.
Published	08/06/2024	TP bound to {{c1::β-tubulin}} is important for microtubule {{c1::polymerization}} at the (+) end.
Published	08/06/2024	GTP bound to β-tubulin is cleaved to {{c1::GDP}} during or after microtubule {{c1::polymerization}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The conversion of GTP to GDP leads to {{c1::depolymerization}} at the (-) end because GDP-tubulin does not bind to the microtubule as well.
Published	08/06/2024	The (-) ends of microtubules are {{c1::protected}} to prevent rapid {{c1::depolymerization}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Individual microtubules alternate between {{c1::growth}} and {{c1::shrinkage}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The growth and shrinkage of microtubules are determined by the rate of tubulin addition relative to the rate of {{c1::GTP hydrolysis}}.
Published	08/06/2024	If GTP-tubulin is added to the plus end faster than GTP is {{c1::cleaved}}, microtubules {{c1::grow}}.
Published	08/06/2024	If GTP is cleaved more rapidly than new GTP-tubulin is added, GDP-tubulin builds up at the plus end and microtubules {{c1::shrink}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Rapid shrinkage of microtubules is called {{c1::catastrophe}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The dynamic instability of microtubules is important during {{c1::cell division}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Drugs affecting microtubule assembly, such as {{c1::vincristine}} and {{c1::vinblastine}}, inhibit microtubule {{c1::polymerization}}.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Taxol}} stabilizes microtubules and prevents their {{c1::disassembly}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The {{c1::centrosome}} is the microtubule organizing {{c1::center}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The centrosome initiates microtubule {{c1::growth}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The centrosome binds the {{c1::minus}} end of the microtubule.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules grow toward the {{c1::plasma membrane}} from the centrosome.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::γ-tubulin}} is a key protein for the growth of microtubules.
Published	08/06/2024	The centrosome contains two {{c1::centrioles}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Centrioles are not necessary for microtubule {{c1::assembly}}, but are necessary for the formation of {{c1::cilia}} and {{c1::flagella}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are inherently {{c1::unstable}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are stabilized by post-translational modifications of {{c1::tubulins}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are also stabilized by the binding of {{c1::microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)}}.
Published	08/06/2024	MAPs are {{c1::cell}} and {{c1::tissue}} specific.
Published	08/06/2024	MAPs cap microtubule {{c1::ends}}.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Polymerases}} speed up microtubule assembly by increasing the incorporation of GTP-bound tubulin at the (+) end.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Depolymerases}} speed up microtubule disassembly by dissociating GTP-tubulin from the (+) end.
Published	08/06/2024	MAPs can rescue microtubules from {{c1::catastrophe}} by stopping disassembly and restarting growth at the (+) end (e.g., {{c2::CLASP}}).
Published	08/06/2024	MAPs connect microtubules to {{c1::intermediate filaments (IFs)}} or the {{c2::plasma membrane}}.
Published	08/06/2024	MAPs bind to GTP-tubulin and move growing microtubules to different {{c1::cellular locations}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Nerve cells have two distinct types of projections: {{c1::axons}} and {{c1::dendrites}}.
Published	08/06/2024	In axons, microtubules have plus ends {{c1::away}} from the cell body.
Published	08/06/2024	The minus ends of axon microtubules are {{c1::not anchored}} in the centrosome.
Published	08/06/2024	Axon microtubules are capped at both ends, which {{c1::stabilizes}} them.
Published	08/06/2024	Axons contain {{c1::tau}} protein but not {{c2::MAP2}}.
Published	08/06/2024	In dendrites, microtubules are oriented in {{c1::both directions}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Dendritic microtubules are capped at both ends, which {{c1::stabilizes}} them.
Published	08/06/2024	Dendrites contain {{c1::MAP-2}} protein, which crosslinks microtubules to {{c2::intermediate filaments (IFs)}}, but not tau.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Dynein}} moves along microtubules towards the {{c2::minus}} end.
Published	08/06/2024	Dynein transports macromolecules, membrane vesicles, and organelles towards the center of the cell, away from the {{c1::periphery}}.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Kinesin}} moves along microtubules towards the {{c2::plus}} end.
Published	08/06/2024	Kinesin transports macromolecules, membrane vesicles, and organelles away from the center of the cell towards the {{c1::periphery}}.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::ATP hydrolysis}} is required for the movement of both dynein and kinesin.
Published	08/06/2024	Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based projections of the {{c1::plasma membrane}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Motile cilia beat in a coordinated fashion to move {{c1::fluid}} over cells.
Published	08/06/2024	Flagella are important for {{c1::sperm cell locomotion}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The axoneme of cilia and flagella is composed of microtubules and associated {{c1::proteins}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules in the axoneme are arranged in a {{c1::“9+2”}} pattern.
Published	08/06/2024	In the axoneme, the central pair of microtubules is surrounded by {{c1::9}} outer microtubule doublets.
Published	08/06/2024	Each doublet in the axoneme consists of an A tubule and a {{c1::B}} tubule.
Published	08/06/2024	The A tubule is a {{c1::complete}} microtubule, and the B tubule is an {{c2::incomplete}} microtubule.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubule doublets in the axoneme are connected by {{c1::nexin}} and to the central pair by {{c2::radial spokes}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Each A tubule in the axoneme is attached to {{c1::dynein}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The basal body anchors the minus ends of microtubules inside the {{c1::cell}}.
Published	08/06/2024	The basal body is a modified {{c1::centriole}} with 9 triplets of microtubules.
Published	08/06/2024	The basal body initiates the growth of {{c1::axonemal}} microtubules.
Published	08/06/2024	The movement of cilia and flagella involves outer microtubule doublets {{c1::sliding}} relative to each other.
Published	08/06/2024	The movement of microtubules in cilia and flagella is powered by {{c1::axonemal dyneins}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Dynein head groups bind to the {{c1::B}} tubule and move towards the {{c2::minus}} end.
Published	08/06/2024	The sliding of A tubules towards the basal end of B tubules causes {{c1::bending}} of the doublets.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubule dysfunction may be associated with {{c1::Alzheimer’s}} and {{c2::Parkinson’s}} disease.
Published	08/06/2024	In Alzheimer's disease, MAP {{c1::tau}} forms aggregates.
Published	08/06/2024	Smoking damages {{c1::cilia}} in the trachea and bronchial tubes in the lungs.
Published	08/06/2024	Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare genetic disorder where there is a lack of or {{c1::dysfunctional}} cilia.
Published	08/06/2024	Primary ciliary dyskinesia leads to chronic upper and lower {{c1::respiratory tract}} distress shortly after birth, including nasal discharge and coug…
Published	08/06/2024	In actin polymerization, {{c1::actin monomers}} bind ATP, which is cleaved to ADP.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::ATP}} is required for the polymerization of {{c2::G-actin}} into F-actin.
Published	08/06/2024	In F-actin, {{c1::ATP}} can be cleaved to {{c2::ADP}} and Pi.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::ADP-bound F-actin}} depolymerizes to release G-actin-ADP.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::ADP}} must be replaced by {{c2::ATP}} for G-actin to polymerize.
Published	08/06/2024	Polymerization is reversible, so at the {{c1::critical concentration}} of monomers, the rate of assembly equals the rate of disassembly; this step is …
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::Actin}} binds ATP in microfilaments.
Published	08/06/2024	{{c1::αβ-tubulin}} binds GTP in microtubules.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments have {{c1::subunits that don't bind a nucleotide}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments form {{c1::rigid gels, networks, and linear bundles}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are {{c1::rigid and not easily bent}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments provide {{c1::great tensile strength}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments have regulated assembly from {{c1::a large number of locations}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules have regulated assembly from {{c1::a small number of locations}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are assembled onto {{c1::preexisting filaments}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments are {{c1::highly dynamic}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are also {{c1::highly dynamic}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are {{c1::less dynamic}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments are {{c1::polarized}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are {{c1::polarized}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are {{c1::unpolarized}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments serve as tracks for {{c1::myosins}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules serve as tracks for {{c1::kinesins}} and {{c2::dyneins}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments have {{c1::no motors}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Microfilaments contribute to {{c1::contractile machinery}} and networks at the cell cortex.
Published	08/06/2024	Microtubules are involved in the organization and long-range transport of {{c1::organelles}}.
Published	08/06/2024	Intermediate filaments are crucial for {{c1::cell and tissue integrity}}.
Status	Last Update	Fields