Notes in 04 Pediatric gastrointestinal

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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) most commonly affects {{c1::pre}}-term infants and has a {{c2::high (40%)…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is thought to be caused by a combination of {{c1::infection}} and {{c2::i…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) may occur in term infants who have 1 of the following:1. {{c1::Congenital…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNecrotizing enterocolitis most commonly involves the {{c1::distal ileum}} and {{c2::right colon}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalInitial radiographic findings of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) include bowel {{c1::thickening}} and {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalLater in the course of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), findings of {{c1::bowel perforation}} may be pres…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalOn supine radiograph, when the liver gets {{c2::darker}} from right to left, consider {{c1::pneumoperiton…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalSigns of pneumoperitoneum include the {{c1::football}} sign, {{c2::Rigler’s}} sign, and the {{c3::telltal…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Submucosal pneumatosis}} occurs in necrotizing enterocolitis when {{c4::punctate locules}} of gas a…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Subserosal pneumatosis}} occurs in necrotizing entercoloitis when a {{c2::linear crescent}} of gas …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Subserosal:Submucosal vs Subserosal}} peumatosis is more specific for necrotizing enterocolitis
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEarly necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) can be treated {{c1::medically}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNecrotizing entercolitis (NEC) with pneumoperitoneum is treated {{c1::surgically}}, though bowel-sparing …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most common delayed complication of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is {{c1::stricture}} and should b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Abdominal radiograph of infantYellow arrows: {{c2::bubbly lucencies}} within the bowel wa…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Abdominal radiograph in infantRed arrows: faint curvilinear {{c2::lucencies}} projecting …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Ultrasound of abdomenYellow arrows: Thickened {{c2::pylorus}} as evidenced by measurement from echo…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)}} is muscular hypertrophy of the pylorus, which classically cau…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)}} is the most common surgically treated cause of vomiting in in…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is suggested on plain film by the {{c1::caterpillar}} sign
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCriteria for diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) on ultrasound include:1. Wall thickness &gt…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalPositive cases of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) will not show {{c1::feeds}} passing through the pyl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen looking for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS), be careful of confusing it with collapsed, normal {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTreatment for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is {{c1::pyloroplasty}}, with {{c2::IV fluid and electr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe main differential consideration for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is {{c1::pylorospasm}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalVisualization of gastric contents passing through the pylorus is suggestive of {{c1::pylorospasm}} (inste…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most common reason to perform abdominal surgery in a child is {{c1::appendicitis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalAppendicitis presents as {{c1::abdominal pain}}, but the clinical presentation in children may be atypica…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe first test of choice for evaluation of suspected appendicitis in children is {{c1::ultrasound}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe typical appearance of appenditicis on ultrasound is a swollen (>{{c3::6}} mm), {{c1::incompressibl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most sensitive sonographic finding of {{c2::appendicitis}} is inflamed, echogenic {{c1::peri-appendic…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalReliable sonographic signs of appendicitis include:1. Echogenic and shadowing {{c1::appendicolith}}2. Inc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe second test of choice (after unequivocal ultrasound) for evaluation of suspected appendicitis in chil…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most sensitive finding of appendicitis on MRI is infiltration of {{c1::peri-appendiceal fat}} on {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Abdominal radiograph (1st), Upper GI series (2nd) of same patientRadiograph: High bowel {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn normal embryologic development, the bowel rotates {{c1::270}}° {{c3::counterclockwise::CW or CCW}} aro…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEmbryologic bowel rotation fixes the {{c1::duodenojejunal}} junction in the {{c2::left upper}} quadrant a…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEmbryologically, the span between the {{c1::duodeno-jejunal junction}} and the {{c2::cecum}} composes the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe {{c1::longer}} the mesenteric attachment of bowel, the {{c2::less::more or less}} likely the bowel is…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Malrotation}} is the failure of normal rotation of the bowel during embryogenesis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Malrotation}} predisposes to {{c2::volvulus}} due to abnormal mesenteric fixation.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Malrotation}} is associated with {{c2::omphaloceles}} and {{c3::heterotaxy}} syndromes.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalVolvulus is treated with {{c3::surgery (emergently)}}, as there is a a high mortality rate due to {{c2::b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalVolvulus typically presents with neonatal {{c1::bilious emesis}}... (so can gastroenteritis), or other no…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen an infant presents with bilious emesis, {{c1::malrotation with volvulus}} must be ruled out with {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalPrior to performing an upper GI for bilious emesis, exclude a {{c1::distal obstruction}} with {{c2::an ab…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalPerforming an upper GI in a neonate with {{c1::distal obstruction}} introduces a high risk of {{c2::false…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMalrotation without volvulus can have nonspecific symptoms including:1. Feeding {{c1::intolerance}} 2. Cy…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal75% of malrotation present {{c1:: in first month of life::age}}, and 90% become symptomatic within {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most important anatomy to demonstrate on every upper GI is the {{c1:C-sweep}} of the :duodenum and th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe normal duodenal-jejunal junction (DJJ) should be to the {{c1::left}} of the {{c2::left L1 spinous ped…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Upper GI seriesYellow arrow: {{c1::duodeno-jejunal junction}} appropriately {{c3::left}} of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalOn lateral view of upper GI, the normal duodenum first courses {{c1::posteriorly}} into the retroperitone…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Midgut volvulus}} most commonly appears as multiple {{c2::dilated}} loops of bowel.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalLess commonly, {{c1::midgut volvulus}} may produce a {{c2::double bubble}} sign from duodenal {{c3::obstr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe classic upper GI finding of midgut volvulus is the {{c1::corkscrew}} appearance of twisted bowel.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalOn CT or ultrasound of midgut volvulus, the superior mesenteric {{c2::artery}} may be seen to the {{c1::r…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe {{c1::duodeno-jejunal junction (DJJ)}} is a {{c2::mobile}} structure and can be manipulated during th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalSome clues to the presence of malrotation (especially when volvulus is not present) include:1. Duodeno-je…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTwisting of the mesenteric vessels demonstrates the {{c1::whirlpool}} sign seen in {{c2::midgut volvulus}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe treatment of malrotation with volvulus is {{c1::Ladd procedure}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe {{c1::Ladd procedure}} involves - Volvulus {{c2::reduction}}- Resection of {{c3::necrotic bowel}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Intussusception}} is caused by two telescoping bowel loops prolapsing into each other.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most common location of intussesception is {{c1::ileocolic}} where the {{c1::ileum}} prolapses into t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIntussusception classically presents with {{c1::colicky}} abdominal pain, {{c2::“currant jelly"}} stool, …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIdiopathic intussusceptions occur in children {{c3::3 months::age}} to {{c3::3 years old::age}} are cause…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIntussusception in {{c5::newborns::age}} to {{c5::those older than 3 years::age}} should prompt evaluatio…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographs in intussusception are nonspecific, but may show {{c1::paucity of gas}} or a {{c2::soft tissu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalOn ultrasound, intussusception shows the {{c1::target or pseudokidney}} sign with alternating layers of {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: LLQ ultrasoundYellow arrows: {{c2::Target}} sign Diagnosis: {{c1::ileo-ileal intussuscept…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Small bowel}} to {{c1::small bowel}} intussusception is a common incidental finding on ultrasound -…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIleicolic intussusception is distinguished from incidental intussusception by diameter {{c1::> 2.5 cm}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe differential diagnosis of bloody stool and thick-walled bowel on ultrasound includes {{c1::intussusce…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe first-line treatment for intussusception is reduction with {{c1::air}} or {{c1::contrast enema}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Air::Air or Contrast}} enemas are generally safer.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen performing air enema for intussusception, a {{c1::surgeon}} should be present.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen performing air enema for intussusception, a large-bore needle must be available to decompress a pote…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen performing air enema for intussusception, a {{c1::large}} enema tip should be used +/- {{c1::taped}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen performing air enema for intussusception, air should be insufflated up to {{c1::120}} mmHg, between …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen performing air enema for intussusception, a successful reduction will show {{c1::rush of air}} into …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe rule of 3’s applies to hydrostatic intussusception reduction: 1. Up to {{c1::3}} attempts can be perf…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContraindications to pneumatic reduction for intussusception include {{c1::peritonitis}}, {{c2::pneumoper…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Frontal babygramYellow arrow: {{c2::High}} position of esophageal catheter Also pres…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn embryologic development, the primitive trachea and esophagus initially form as {{c1::one structure}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Esophageal atresia (EA)}} is a blind-ending esophagus caused by faulty embryologic separation of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEsophageal atresia (EA) is almost always associated with {{c1::tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal50% of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) have associated anomalies, most commonly {{c1::VACTE…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalVACTERL anomalies:V{{c1::ertebral segmentation anomalies}}. A{{c2::nal atresia}}. C{{c3::ardiac anomalies…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is also associated with tracheal anomalies including {{c1::tracheomalacia…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEsophageal atresia (EA) should be considered in-utero if there is {{c1::polyhydramnios}} and lack of visu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTEF Type {{c1::2 or A (8%)}}- {{c2::Isolated}} esophageal atresia (EA)- {{c3::Absent}} tracheoesophageal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTEF Type {{c1::3 or H (4%)}}- {{c2::Absent}} esophageal atresia (EA)- {{c3::Isolated}} tracheoesophageal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTEF Type {{c1::4 (< 1%)}}- {{c2::Distal}} esophageal atresia (EA)- {{c3::Proximal}} tracheoesophageal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTEF Type {{c1::5 (< 1%)}}- {{c2::Absent}} esophageal atresia (EA)- {{c3::Double}} tracheoesophageal fi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTEF Type {{c1::1 or C (87%)}}- {{c2::Proximal}} esophageal atresia (EA)- {{c3::DIstal}} tracheoesophageal…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Gastric atresia}} represents congenital obstruction of the distal stomach resulting in {{c2::nonbil…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn contrast to hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, the vomiting in {{c1::gastric atresia}} does not {{c2::get …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalA diagnostic imaging finding in {{c1::gastric atresia}} is the {{c2::single bubble}}, with a large bubble…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalA less severe variant of {{c1::gastric atresia}} is a {{c2::nonobstructive antral web}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Abdominal radiograph of neonateFindings: Numerous {{c2::dilated}} loops of bowel, {{c3::N…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNeonatal bowel obstruction occurs in the first {{c1::24–48 hours}} of life.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn neonates, small bowel {{c1::cannot::can or cannot}} be distinguished from large bowel based on locatio…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen loops of distended bowel are seen and obstruction is suspected in neonates, one can divide the diffe…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWith an equivocal radiograph, the imaging test of choice for a suspected neonatal proximal bowe…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalA baby with known {{c2::Down syndrome}} and a {{c2::double bubble}} sign on radiograph is considered diag…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWith an equivocal radiograph, the imaging test of choice for a suspected neonatal distal bowel …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalAll neonatal {{c1::proximal::proximal or distal}} bowel obstructions are managed surgically.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe primary purpose of an upper GI study in the setting of suspected proximal neonatal bowel obstruction …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Abdominal radiograph (L), Upper GI (R)Yellow arrows, L: Distended {{c2::stomach}}Red arrows, L…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalLack of {{c2::recanalization}} of the duodenum causes the spectrum of diseases ranging from duodenal {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Duodenal web}} allows liquids to pass into jejenum but causes the {{c2::windsock}} deformity after …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalAbout 80% of cases of duodenal atresia occur just distal to the {{c1::ampulla of vater}}, thus patients t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEven a complete duodenal atresia does not preclude {{c1::distal}} bowel gas.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn the presence of duodenal atresia and a rare congenital {{c1::bifid}} common bile duct, bowel gas can t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalDuodenal anomalies are associated with other abnormalities in 50% of cases, most commonly {{c1::Down synd…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalOther associated abnormalities of duodenal atresia include:1. {{c1::VACTERL}}2. {{c2::Cardiac shunt vascu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe classic appearance of {{c1::duodenal atresia}} is the {{c2::double bubble}} sign caused by dilation o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalA patient with a double bubble sign and no distal bowel gas can be presumed to have {{c1::duodenal atresi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIf distal bowel gas is present with a double bubble sign, the differential diagnosis includes:1. {{c1::Mi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Jejunal atresia}} is most commonly caused by an {{c2::in-utero vascular insult}}, rather than aberr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalJejunal {{c1::atresia::atresia or stenosis}} is more common.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Jejunal atresia}} clasically presents with the {{c2::triple bubble}} sign.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Contrast enema}} is performed to differentiate {{c2::surgical}} causes (atresia, Hirschsprung) from…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContrast enema utilizes {{c1::iso}}tonic or mildly {{c1::hyper}}tonic (to avoid fluid shifts) {{c2::water…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Microcolon}} is a colon of abnormally small caliber (typically <{{c3::1 cm}}), secondary to {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalA relatively {{c1::distal::proximal or distal}} obstruction is necessary to develop a microcolon.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe {{c1::succus entericus}} secreted by the {{c2::proximal}} bowel prevents microcolon.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe two most common causes of microcolon are {{c1::meconium ileus::smallest of all microcolons}} and {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Peritoneal/scrotal}} calcifications are associated with {{c2::meconium ileus}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Small left colon syndrome}} (also confusingly called meconium plug syndrome) {{c2::does NOT::does o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalJejunal atresia {{c1::does NOT::does or does NOT}} cause microcolon, thanks to the {{c2::succus entericus…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHirschsprung disease typically involves the {{c1::segmental, total is rare::segmental or total}} colon an…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Neonatal abdominal radiograph (L), contrast enema (R)L image: {{c2::Low/distal}} small bowel o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Meconium ileus}} causes bowel obstruction from {{c2::inspissated meconium}} in the distal ileum and…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Meconium ileus}} can be complicated by perforation and resultant meconium {{c2::peritonitis}}, whic…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Meconium ileus}} may cause abdominal calcifications which are (uniquely) frequently trapped be…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Meconium ileus}} is the earliest manifestation of {{c2::cystic fibrosis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::100}}% of babies with meconium ileus have cystic fibrosis. {{c2::10}}% of babies with cystic f…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Meconium ileus}} classically appears radiographically as a distal obstruction with {{c2::soap-bubbl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Contrast enema::Study}} in meconium ileus shows a {{c2::microcolon}} with a distended {{c3::ileum}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMeconium ileus is both diagnosed and treated with {{c1::water-soluble gastrografin enema}}, which loosens…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMeconium ileus resistent to water-soluble enema, including attempts to increase contrast {{c2::osmolality…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIleal atresia radiographically shows a {{c1::microcolon}} distal to the atretic segment.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalUnlike meconium ileus, {{c1::ileal}} and {{c1::colonic}} atresia demonstrate {{c2::an abrupt}} cutoff at …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhen pneumoperitoneum is difficult to detect on supine radiograph, additional imaging is recommended: {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographic signs of pneumoperitoneum include the football sign which occurs when there is {{c1::ai…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographic signs of pneumoperitoneum include the Rigler's sign which occurs when there is {{c1::ai…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographic signs of pneumoperitoneum include the telltale triangle sign which occurs when the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is most commonly {{c1::idiopathic::genetic or idiopathic}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographic signs of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis include the caterpillar sign which describes the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: initial prone spot radiograph (L), radiograph after intervention (R)Yellow arrows: {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c2::Bronchus suis}} is associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and occurs when the {{c1::R uppe…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalNeonatal bowel obstruction has {{c1::different::the same or different}} etiologies as childhood/adult obs…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalUnlike in adults, {{c1::CT::imaging modality}} plays no role in workup of neonatal bowel obstruction
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhich type of Hirschprung disease can cause microcolon?{{c1::Total Hirschsprung}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhat syndrome invovling decreased peristalsis can cause microcolon?{{c1::Megacystic-microcolon-hypoperist…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalColonic atresia is {{c1::rare::common or rare?}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Small left colon}}, also known as {{c2::functional immaturity of the colon}} OR {{c3::meconium plug…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalSmall left colon is caused by temporary {{c2::functional immaturity}} of the colonic {{c3::gangliion cell…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalSmall left colon is seen more commonly in:- {{c1::pre}}-term neonates - neonates born to mothers with {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalWhat other abnormalities are commonly seen in infants with small left colon?{{c1::None}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn contrast to meconium ileus, small left colon {{c1::is NOT::is or is not?}} a cause of microcolon
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn contrast to meconium ileus, small left colon (aka "meconium plug syndrome") {{c1::is NOT::is or is not…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographically, small left colon appears as {{c1::distal obstruction}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContrast enema in small left colon shows a small left colon with an abrupt transition in {{c2::caliber}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalSimilar to meconium ileus, conservative management includes {{c1::water soluble enema}} which is diagnost…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe primary differential consideration in the setting of smal left colon is {{c1::Hirschsprung …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn contrast to small left colon, Hirschsprung disease would not feature a distensible, nor…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Babygram (L), Contrast enema (R)Babygram: Numerous loops of dilated bowel, suggestive of …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Frontal (L) and Lateral (R) spot radiographs from contrast enemaFindings: Narrowed rectum…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHirschsprung disease is {{c1::aganglionosis}} of {{c2::distal}} bowel, resulting in failed {{c3::relaxati…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHirschsprung disease is caused by {{c1::arrest}} of the normal {{c2::craniocaudal (proximal-to-distal)}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHirschsprung disease typically presents in the newborn {{c1::males::males or females?}} who fail to have …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalAfter rectal exam, patients with Hirschsprung disease have forceful passage of {{c1::meconium}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalHirschsprung disease ranges in severity from isolated {{c1::internal anal sphincter}} involvement (ultras…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalUp to {{c1::1/3}} of cases of Hirschsprung disease develop a form of entercolitis similar to {{c2::necrot…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal5% of those with Hirschsprung disease have {{c1::Down syndrome}}, but duodenal atresia is far more common…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRadiographically, Hirschsprung disease appears as {{c1::distal obstruction}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContrast enema in a patient with Hirschsprung disease typically shows a gradual {{c1::cone}}-shaped trans…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContrast enema in a patient with Hirschsprung disease may reveal {{c1::sawtooth}} appearance of the rectu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalContrast enema in a patient with Hirschsprung disease will normally show a {{c2::larger}} diameter {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalRectosigmoid index is the ratio of rectal to sigmoid {{c1::diameter}} and is abnormal ({{c2::less::more o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIn contrast to functional immaturity of the colon (aka small left colon), Hirschsprung disease tends to c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalDefinitive diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease is with {{c1::suction biopsy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalTreatment of Hirschsprung disease is {{c1::surgery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c2::Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis}} syndrome is a rare congenital loss of {{c1::blad…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMegacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis causes absent intestinal {{c1::peristalsis}}, {{c2::micr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMegacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis prognosis is {{c1::bad (fatal)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalAlthough uncommon, the {{c1::Ladd bands}} of malrotation may cause a distal bowel obstruction
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalEtiologies and imaging of childhood bowel obstruction are {{c1::similar::similar or different?}} than tho…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most common causes of bowel obstruction in children and adults are {{c1::adhesions}} and {{c1::hernia…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe most common causes of childhood bowel obstruction can be remembered with the mnemonic AAIIMM:A = {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalChildhood bowel obstruction is most commonly treated with {{c1::surgery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Appendicitis}} is one of the more common causes of ileus or partial bowel obstruction in children o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalCase: Frontal radiograph (L), transverse ultrasound of scrotum (top R), sagittal ultrasound of testi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Gastrointestinal{{c1::Indirect::Direct or Indirect?}} inguinal hernias are {{c2::more::more or less?}} common, resulting …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalImaging of inguinal hernia causing obstruction shows bowel in the {{c1::inguinal canal}} or {{c1::scrotum…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalMeckel diverticulum is a remnant of the {{c1::omphalomesenteric duct}}, which connects the fetal {{c2::il…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalIncomplete regression of the omphalomesenteric duct leads to a spectrum of anomalies ranging from {{c1::u…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric GastrointestinalThe omphalomesenteric duct is located in the {{c1::antimesenteric::mesenteric or antimesenteric?}} aspect…
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