Notes in 04 Renal Stones and Masses

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Published	11/08/2023	As a result of hypercalcemia, patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are at increased risk for {{c1::calcium oxalate kidney}} stones
Published	11/08/2023	{{c2::Calcium oxalate}} kidney stones often precipitate due to {{c1::hypocitrat}}-uria
Published	11/08/2023	Hypocitraturia is often associated with {{c1::decreased}} urine pH
Published	11/08/2023	What is the appearance calcium kidney stones on X-ray and CT? {{c1::Radiopaque}}
Published	11/08/2023	What type of kidney stone may result from ethylene glycol (antifreeze) ingestion? {{c1::Calcium oxalate}}
Published	11/08/2023	{{c2::Calcium oxalate}} kidney stones may result from vitamin {{c1::C}} abuse
Published	11/08/2023	Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) kidney stones classically form {{c1::staghorn calculi}} in renal calyces
Published	11/08/2023	What type of kidney stone commonly requires surgical removal due to its size?{{c1::Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) stones}}
Published	11/08/2023	What is the appearance of uric acid kidney stones on X-ray? {{c1::Radiolucent}}
Published	11/08/2023	What type of kidney stone is seen in patients with gout? {{c1::Uric acid stone}}
Published	11/08/2023	Treatment of uric acid kidney stones may include {{c1::allopurinol}}, especially in patients with gout
Published	11/08/2023	What inherited pathology are cystine kidney stones associated with?{{c1::Cystinuria}}
Published	11/08/2023	There is an increased frequency of renal angiomyolipoma in patients with {{c1::tuberous sclerosis}}
Published	11/08/2023	Renal cell carcinoma is associated with a classic triad of {{c1::hematuria}}, {{c2::palpable mass}}, and {{c3::flank}} pain
Published	11/08/2023	Renal cell carcinoma often originates from the {{c1::PCT}} cells of the nephron
Published	11/08/2023	Renal cell carcinoma is associated with loss of the {{c1::VHL}} tumor suppressor gene on chromosome {{c2::3p}}
Published	11/08/2023	Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased {{c1::HIF}} transcription factor, which increases VEGF and PDGF
Published	11/08/2023	{{c3::Von Hippel-Lindau}} disease is an inherited disease associated with increased risk for {{c1::renal cell}} carcinoma and {{c2::hem…
Published	11/08/2023	{{c2::Thiazide}} diuretics can be used to prevent {{c1::calcium}} kidney stones
Published	11/08/2023	Complications associated with {{c2::Crohn disease}} (IBD) include gallstones and {{c1::calcium oxalate}} nephrolithiasis
Published	11/08/2023	{{c2::Von Hippel-Lindau}} disease is due to a deletion of the VHL gene on chromosome {{c2::3p}}, leading unregulated activity of {{c1::HIF1a}}
Published	11/08/2023	Metabolism of {{c1::purines}} ultimately produces uric acid
Published	11/08/2023	Which tumor suppressor gene is associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease?{{c1::VHL}}
Published	11/08/2023	{{c2::VHL}} is a tumor suppressor gene whose product inhibits {{c1::hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α)}}
Published	11/08/2023	Proteus mirabilis is a gram negative bacteria that classically forms large, {{c1::'staghorn' calculi}} (form from struvite stones) in the renal pelvis
Published	11/08/2023	Risk factors for gout include {{c2::male}} biological sex, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, with the strongest being {{c1::hyperuricemia…
Published	11/08/2023	Kidney stone > 10 mm is managed with {{c1::shock wave lithotripsy::treatment}}
Published	11/08/2023	Diarrhea may cause {{c1::calcium}} kidney stones due to volume depletion, and acidemia with hypocitraturia
Published	11/08/2023	A diet high in {{c1::protein}} can cause calcium stones due to acidemia, which causes hypocitraturia
Published	11/08/2023	Dietary recommendations for patients with renal calculi include ↑ fluid intake, ↓ {{c1::Na+}} intake, and normal Ca…
Published	11/08/2023	The most common benign mesenchymal renal tumor is a(n) {{c1::angiomyolipoma}}. They are extremely common in patients with {{c2::tuberous scl…
Published	11/08/2023	Angiomyolipomas are composed of 3 components: {{c1::vascular, muscle, fat}}
Published	11/08/2023	Kidney stone composition:80% made of {{c1::calcium oxalate}}, urine pH will be {{c2::acidic}}10% made of {{c1::phosphate}}, urine pH wi…
Published	11/08/2023	Kidney stones are most commonly composed of {{c1::calcium}}
Published	11/08/2023	What is the appearance of struvite kidney stones on X-ray?{{c1::Radiopaque}}
Published	11/08/2023	{{c1::Stauffer’s syndrome}} – reversible hepatitis not associated with liver metastases.
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