Notes in FOM_ BLOCK 1

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Batch 2029's FOM anki for block 1 review!

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/08/2024	What nerve is associated with scapular winging? A) Suprascapular nerve B) Thoracodorsal nerve C) Long thoracic nerve D) Dorsal Scapular ne…
Published	08/31/2024	What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?A) +30 mVB) 0 mVC) -70 mVD) -90 mV
Published	08/31/2024	What happens when the membrane potential reaches the threshold during an action potential?A) The neuron hyperpolarizesB) The sodium channels open rapi…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the effect of the antibodies involved in Myasthenia Gravis?A) They stimulate the production of more acetylcholineB) They block and degrade ace…
Published	09/06/2024	Which symptom is most characteristic of Myasthenia Gravis? A) Muscle twitching B) Progressive muscle weakness, especially after repeated use C) Trem…
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following treatments is most effective for Osteomalacia?A) High-dose vitamin D supplementation B) Low-calcium dietC) CorticosteroidsD) An…
Published	09/06/2024	What is a potential long-term consequence of untreated Osteomalacia?A) Bone cancerB) Increased risk of bone fractures C) Development of rheumatoid art…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the main difference between Osteomalacia and Rickets?A) Osteomalacia occurs in adults, while Rickets occurs in children B) Osteomalacia affect…
Published	09/06/2024	Which symptom is most commonly associated with Osteomalacia?A) Joint inflammationB) Muscle crampsC) Bone pain and tenderness D) Sudden fractures
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following best describes Osteomalacia?A) A condition where bones become brittle and prone to fracturesB) A condition where bones soften d…
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following laboratory findings is typical in a patient with Osteomalacia?A) Elevated serum calciumB) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D C) High…
Published	08/31/2024	(FOM 3) What is the main difference between Osteomalacia and Rickets?A) Osteomalacia occurs in adults, while Rickets occurs in children B) Osteomalaci…
Published	09/12/2024	What is a potential long-term consequence of untreated Osteomalacia?A) Bone cancerB) Increased risk of bone fractures C) Development of rheumatoid art…
Published	08/31/2024	Which type of cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption, a process that is accelerated in Osteoporosis?A) OsteoblastsB) Osteoclasts C) Chondro…
Published	09/06/2024	Which hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density and is often decreased in postmenopausal women, leading to increased risk of Osteoporos…
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Osteoporosis?A) High body weightB) Physical inactivity C) High calcium intakeD) Low alcohol con…
Published	09/06/2024	What is a potential complication of untreated Osteoporosis?A) Increased muscle massB) Increased risk of bone fractures, especially hip fractures C) In…
Published	09/06/2024	What role does calcium play in bone physiology?A) It inhibits bone resorptionB) It is a critical component of bone matrix, necessary for bone strength…
Published	08/31/2024	Which nerve roots are involved in upper plexus lesion (Erb Palsy)? A) C5 and C6 B) C7 and C8 C) C8 and T1 D) C6 and C7
Published	09/02/2024	What are the manifestation of Horner's Syndrome?A) Photophobia, nystagmus, diplopiaB) Hyperhidrosis, mydriasis, blepharospasm C) Ptosis, miosis, anhid…
Published	08/31/2024	Which nerve injury results in 'Wristdrop'?A. Radial nerve injuryB. Musculocutaneous nerve injuryC. Ulnar nerve injuryD. Median nerve injury
Published	08/31/2024	What characterizes a preganglionic or supraganglionic injury?A) Root avulsion from the spinal cordB) RupturesC) Injuries to the dorsal root ganglionD)…
Published	08/31/2024	What type of injury is associated with preganglionic injury and poor prognosis?A) Acute injuryB) Sharp penetrating injury C) Chronic injury D) Blunt t…
Published	08/31/2024	What imaging technique can determine the site of nerve injury by showing the location of an edematous part of the nerve?A) X-ray B) PET scan C) CT sca…
Published	08/31/2024	What does electromyography specifically test for?A) The location of nerve injuriesB) The electrical signals of a target muscle groupC) The speed of ne…
Published	09/02/2024	When is/are electrodiagnostic tools/electromyography typically used in the evaluation of nerve injuries?A) Immediately after injury B) A few wee…
Published	09/12/2024	How can Nerve Conduction Studies help in locating nerve issues?A) By measuring the strength of muscle contractionsB) By assessing the electrical activ…
Published	08/31/2024	If a patient exhibits lateral scapular winging, which of the following nerves should be evaluated for possible injury?A) Radial NerveB) Long Thoracic …
Published	09/02/2024	What is the primary priority in treatment after performing nerve and/or muscle transfers?A) Shoulder abductionB) Wrist extensionC) Elbow flexionD) Fin…
Published	09/02/2024	What is the critical timing for surgical treatment of peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries to avoid irreversible changes? A) Within 1-3 month…
Published	08/31/2024	What is done to repair nerve injuries under a microscope? A) Stump ends are left as they areB) Fresh ends are disconnectedC) Fresh ends are not reconn…
Published	08/31/2024	What is the significance of the 18-month window in nerve repair?A) It marks the time when the nerve begins to regenerate naturally.B) Nerve repair att…
Published	08/31/2024	Under Seddon & Sunderland Classification of Nerve Injury, which nerve injury requires surgery for treatment?A) Axonotmesis 3rd DegreeB) Neurotmesi…
Published	09/02/2024	Which of the following incorrectly describe(s) the brachial plexus A) There are five terminal branches B) The brachial plexus originates from the vent…
Published	09/02/2024	Sensation of the radial side of the forearm is attritbuted to what nerve? A) Musculocutaneous nerve B) Radial nerve C) Ulnar nerve D) Median nerve
Published	09/02/2024	What nerve supplies the thenar muscles? A) Radial Nerve B) Ulnar Nerve C) Median Nerve D) Axillary Nerve
Published	09/02/2024	Which of the following correctly describe(s) the medial cord A) It branches to Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm B) It branches to Medial cutaneous ne…
Published	09/02/2024	Which of the following nerve is not a part of the terminal branches of the Brachial plexus A) AxillaryB) Medial nerveC) Ulnar nerveD) Median nerve
Published	09/02/2024	The muscles for flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints is innervated by A) Median nerve B) Radial nerve C) Ulnar nerve D) Lateral nerve
Published	09/02/2024	The lateral cord is the origin of what nerve? A) Axillary nerve B) Radial nerve C) Musculocutaneous nerve D) Ulnar nerve
Published	09/02/2024	What nerve supplies the brachialis muscles? A) Median Nerve B) Radial Nerve C) Axillary Nerve D) Musculocutaneous Nerve
Published	09/02/2024	Which of the following correctly describe(s) the brachial plexus A) There are three cords B) Trunks divide into two divisions C) Terminal nerve branch…
Published	09/02/2024	What nerve supplies the hypothenar muscle A) Ulnar nerve B) Median nerve C) Radial nerve D) Axillary nerve
Published	09/02/2024	The following muscles are involved in the medial cord except A) Hypothenar muscle B) Flexor carpi radialis C) Palmaris longus D) None of the above
Published	09/02/2024	Which of these nerves has been injured if a patient cannot totally abduct his arm? A) Radial nerve B) Sciatic nerve C) Axillary nerve D) Ulnar nerve&n…
Published	09/02/2024	Which nerve is affected in Klumpke's palsy? A) Ulnar nerve B) Radial nerve C) Median nerve D) Lower trunk (C8, T1) of the brachial plexus
Published	09/02/2024	Which nerve provides sensation to the medial forearm, medial wrist, and medial one and one-half digits A) Radial nerve B) Ulnar nerve C) Median nerve …
Published	09/02/2024	Which muscle is not innervated by the median nerve? A) Pronator Teres B) Flexor Digitorum Superficialis C) Flexor Carpi Ulnaris D) Palmaris Longus
Published	09/02/2024	Which muscle is primary responsible for retracting the scapula medially and is innervated by the doral scapular nerve? A) Latissimus dorsi B) Trapeziu…
Published	09/02/2024	What is the function of the lumbrical muscles in the hand? A) Flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints B)…
Published	09/02/2024	Which muscle group is primary affected by an injury to the musculocutaneous nerve? A) Finger flexors B) Forearm extensors C) Intrinsic hand muscles D)…
Published	09/02/2024	What structure serves as the protective covering for individual nerve fibers in a peripheral nerve? A) Epineurium B) Perineurium C) Endoneurium D) Mye…
Published	09/02/2024	Which nerve injury results in a loss of sensation in the "snuffbox" area of the hand? A) Median nerve B) Radial nerve C) Ulnar nerve D) Musculocutaneo…
Published	09/06/2024	During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which ion exits the neuron?A) Sodium (Na+)B) Potassium (K+) C) Calcium (Ca2+)D) Chloride (Cl-)
Published	09/06/2024	During which period can a second action potential not be initiated, regardless of the strength of the stimulus?A) Absolute refractory periodB) Relativ…
Published	09/06/2024	In Neuromuscular junction,which ion is involved in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?A) Sodium (Na+)B) Potassium (K+)C) Calcium…
Published	09/06/2024	What happens when the membrane potential reaches the threshold during an action potential?A) The neuron hyperpolarizesB) The sodium channels open rapi…
Published	09/12/2024	What is Myasthenia Gravis primarily caused by? A) A defect in the myelin sheath B) Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors C) Genetic mutations i…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the effect of a loss of endoneurial continuity in nerve injuries?A) Enhanced nerve regenerationB) Formation of fibroblasts, glioma, or neuroma…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the primary characteristic of Osteoporosis?A) Increased bone densityB) Decreased bone density and increased fragility of bones C) Softening of…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the primary function of motor neurons?A)Transmitting signals between sensory neuronsB) Transmitting sensory information to the brainC) Relayin…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the primary function of Schwann cells during nerve regeneration?A) To produce cerebrospinal fluidB) To clear debris and create a supportive en…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the primary treatment goal for Myasthenia Gravis?A) Increase dopamine levels in the brainB) Reduce inflammation in the jointsC) Improve neurom…
Published	09/06/2024	What is the significance of the all-or-none principle in action potential generation?A) The neuron can only fire if a threshold stimulus is reached B)…
Published	09/06/2024	What is Wallerian degeneration?A) The regrowth of damaged nerve fibersB) The initial stage of nerve degeneration at the distal segment after injuryC) …
Published	09/06/2024	What role do microglia play in the progression of ALS?A) They help repair damaged neuronsB) They exacerbate neuroinflammation, contributing to motor n…
Published	09/06/2024	What role does the thymus gland play in Myasthenia Gravis?A) It produces antibodies that protect the acetylcholine receptorsB) It is often abnormal in…
Published	09/06/2024	Where does saltatory conduction occur?A) Across the entire axon membraneB) Between nodes of Ranvier C) In the synaptic cleftD) At the axon hillock
Published	09/06/2024	Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm Myasthenia Gravis?A) Blood test for acetylcholine receptor antibodies B) MRI of the brainC) Electrom…
Published	09/06/2024	Which neurons are primarily affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?A) Sensory neuronsB) Upper and lower motor neuronsC) InterneuronsD) Autono…
Published	09/06/2024	Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the excitotoxicity seen in ALS?A) DopamineB) SerotoninC) Glutamate D) Acetylcholine
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following best describes the physiological basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?A) ALS is caused by the autoimmune destruction of…
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following best describes the role of macrophages in nerve injury and regeneration?A) To stimulate fibroblast activity and scar formationB…
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction?A) Smaller axon diameterB) Myelination of axonsC) Higher temperatureD) Absence …
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following is a common symptom of ALS?A) Loss of coordinationB) Muscle spasms and cramps C) Blurred visionD) Memory loss
Published	09/06/2024	Which of the following is a likely consequence of impaired axonal transport in neurons?A) Enhanced synaptic transmission and increased neuronal activi…
Published	09/06/2024	Which part of the bone is primarily affected by Osteoporosis?A) PeriosteumB) Compact boneC) Trabecular (spongy) bone D) Bone marrow
Published	09/06/2024	Which structure receives the nerve impulse from another neuron?A) Axon terminalB) Dendrite C) Cell bodyD) Node of Ranvier
Published	09/06/2024	Which type of muscle is primarily affected in Myasthenia Gravis?A) Cardiac muscleB) Smooth muscleC) Skeletal muscle D) Respiratory muscle only
Published	09/06/2024	Which type of synapse involves direct electrical communication between neurons?A) Chemical synapseB) Electrical synapse C) Neurotransmitter synapseD) …
Published	09/08/2024	What particular system or part of the body is unaffected by ALS?A) CognitiveB) BulbarC) SensoryD) None of the above
Published	09/08/2024	Which of the following is not a component of the lower motor neuronA) Dorsal root ganglionB) AxonC) Terminal BoutonD) All of the choices are component…
Published	09/08/2024	A person with ALS would be compensated by increasing the firing rate of the remaining motor axons.A) Temporal summationB) Spatial summationC) Oscillat…
Published	09/08/2024	What part of the neuromuscular junction is affected for people with Myasthenia Gravis?A) PresynapticB) Post synapticC) All of the aboveD) None of the …
Published	09/08/2024	The following correctly describe acetylcholine exceptA) It is an excitatory neurotransmitterB) It binds with cholinergic receptorsC) It can express bo…
Published	09/08/2024	An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is said to have no change in vmax but it has an increase in Km. What type of inhibition is this?A) IrreversibleB) No…
Published	09/08/2024	Acetylcholine and the receptor are affected for a person with Myasthenia Gravis. Where does ACh’s action usually alter under MG?A) Postsynaptic B…
Published	09/08/2024	Acetylcholinesterase is what type of enzyme?A) TransferaseB) LigaseC) HydrolaseD) Lyase
Published	09/08/2024	What component is directly affected if the ACh can not bind to AChR?A) CalciumB) SodiumC) PotassiumD) Chloride
Published	09/08/2024	Which of the following is correctA) MG targets synapsin and synaptobrevin proteins resulting in muscle weakness.B) AChR requires one ACh molecule to o…
Published	09/08/2024	AChR has how many subunits?A) 3B) 4C) 5D) 6
Published	09/08/2024	This molecular protein is responsible for the movement from cell body towards the axon terminalA) DyneinB) KinesinC) SynapsinD) Rab protein
Published	09/08/2024	Which of the following is incorrect?A) ALS exhibits defect in glutamate clearanceB) Excessive glutamate is the primary mechanism of ALSC) Cells immedi…
Published	09/08/2024	What is the effect of temperature towards ACh?A) Low temperature inhibits ACh bindingB) Low temperature helps preserves ACh from degradingC) High temp…
Published	09/08/2024	MG drug in one of its mechanisms presents high Km but same Vmax. What is not expected of this information?A) A high km means more substrates are neede…
Published	09/12/2024	Which muscle group is primarily affected in myasthenia gravis? A) Neck flexorsB) Neck extensorsC) Leg musclesD) Facial muscles
Published	09/12/2024	What is a common clinical feature of Myasthenia Gravis? A) Persistent muscle hypertrophyB) Ocular symptoms such as ptosisC) Complete muscle paral…
Published	09/12/2024	What is the major feature of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? A) Rapid muscle growthB) Accumulation of abnormal proteinsC) Decreased bone den…
Published	09/12/2024	Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the autoimmune attack in Myasthenia Gravis? A) Loss of ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Published	09/12/2024	Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the autoimmune attack in Myasthenia Gravis? A) Loss of ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction…
Published	09/12/2024	What is a key difference in reflexes between upper and lower motor neuron lesions?A) Lower motor neuron lesions have reduced or absent reflexes, while…
Published	09/12/2024	Standardised ALS diagnosis is through the use/order of? A) Through patient history onlyB) MRI evaluationC) El Escorial CriteriaD) Blood tests
Published	09/12/2024	In the Osserman classification, which class represents ocular myasthenia? A) Class 1B) Class 2AC) Class 3D) Class 4
Published	09/12/2024	What does the Edrophonium (Tensilon) test assess? A) Muscle strengthB) Acetylcholine levelsC) Nerve conductionD) Respiratory function
Published	09/12/2024	What is a common finding on Single Fiber EMG that is indicative of Myasthenia Gravis?A) Muscle fiber recruitment graphB) Presence of jitters in graphC…
Published	09/12/2024	According to El Escorial Criteria, the diagnosis of ALS should have the presence of the following except: A) Evidence of UMN dysfunction by clini…
Published	09/12/2024	What is the primary mechanism of action for Riluzole in the treatment of ALS?A) Direct reduction of oxidative stressB) Inhibition of acetylcholinester…
Published	09/12/2024	What is a serious potential side effect of Rituximab in the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis?A) Increased muscle strengthB) Progressive multifocal leuko…
Published	09/12/2024	Which treatment is most accepted for early-onset generalized Myasthenia Gravis with positive AChR antibody? A) ThymectomyB) CorticosteroidsC) Rit…
Published	09/12/2024	What is a common treatment for myasthenic crisis? A) Oral steroidsB) Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg)C) AntibioticsD) Antidepressants
Published	09/11/2024	In which subgroup of ALS patients did the stem cell therapy show improvement? A) Patients with mild progressionB) Patients with rapid progression…
Published	09/11/2024	Bone fragility in osteoporosis is primarily due to a reduction in:a) Bone matrixb) Bone vascularityc) Bone cellsd) Bone mineralization
Published	09/11/2024	Which imaging modality is useful for detecting early changes in bone mineralization in Osteomalacia?a. MRIb. CT scanc. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometr…
Published	09/11/2024	In Osteomalacia, what radiological feature might be seen in weight-bearing bones?a. Fractures with extensive callus formationb. Bowing deformities of …
Published	09/11/2024	Which of the following is a hallmark radiological sign of Osteoporosis?a. Thickened bone cortexb. Loss of bone trabeculae and thinning of cortica…
Published	09/11/2024	In Osteoporosis, which of the following describes the appearance of vertebral bodies in a spine X-ray?a. Dense, uniform vertebraeb. "Fish vertebrae" a…
Published	09/11/2024	What is a typical appearance of bones on X-rays in patients with Osteomalacia?a. Increased bone densityb. Generalized bone softening and cortical…
Published	09/11/2024	Organic matrix is accounted for by the tensile strength due to the presence of this protein.A) Type IB) Type IIC) Type IVD) Proteoglycans
Published	09/11/2024	The osteoblasts are called the bone building bone cells. Which of the following incorrectly describes it.A) It can convert to osteoclast by OPGB) It h…
Published	09/11/2024	Inorganic crystals made up of the majority of the bone. What situation does not explain the functionality of its compressional strength. A) It ha…
Published	09/11/2024	What part of the bone is not similar for children and adults?A) DiaphysisB) EpiphysisC) PhysisD) B and C
Published	09/11/2024	Children get more bone fractures or injuries than adults. A) Smaller bonesB) Low calcium densityC) Presence of growth plateD) All of the above
Published	09/11/2024	This part of the bone where the bone marrow is located. A) Cancellous or trabecular regionB) Medullary cavityC) EpiphysisD) None of the above
Published	09/11/2024	Which of the following correctly describes the organic part of the bone.A) Responsible for bone’s rigidityB) Responsible for resisting downward force.…
Published	09/11/2024	This covers the outer surface of the bone.A) PeriosteumB) EndosteumC) PerimysiumD) Endomysiu
Published	09/11/2024	Osteoblasts are the bone building cells. Osteoblasts convert mononucleated cells to become Osteoclasts through RANKL .A) Only statement 1 is correctB)…
Published	09/11/2024	Which of the following incorrectly describes the boneA) It is a calcium reservoirB) Bone remodelling stops at age 40C) It also contains living cells, …
Published	09/11/2024	What do osteoclasts dissolve during bone remodellingA) Mineral component of the bone matrixB) Unmineralized bone matrixC) Inorganic materials of the b…
Published	09/11/2024	Bone cells that detects mechanical forceA) OsteoblastB) OsteocyteC) OsteoclastD) Chondrocyte
Published	09/11/2024	Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of the bone. It contains calcium and phosphate. A) Only statement 1 is correctB) Only statement 2 …
Published	09/11/2024	Which of the following incorrectly describes the function of the bone cellsA) Osteoblasts deposit unmineralized bone matrixB) Osteoclasts secretion of…
Status	Last Update	Fields