Notes in Chapter 11

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Published	11/02/2024	potential areas of impaction: the {{c1::cricopharyngeus sling}} (70%), {{c1::the level of the aortic arch in the mid esophagus}} (15%), and the {{c1::…
Published	11/02/2024	Radiolucent objects may require further workup with a {{c1::gastrografin esophagram}} or {{c1::esophagoscopy}} depending on the symptoms and provider’…
Published	11/02/2024	The majority of FB impactions found in the upper or mid esophagus will remain entrapped and require retrievalOptions for retrieval include {{c1::nonem…
Published	11/02/2024	Objects that are impacted in the lower esophagus often spontaneously pass into the stomachlower esophageal impactions can be {{c1::observed for a…
Published	11/02/2024	If the ingested object is the the lower esophagus, there are 2 options to advancec it to the stomach {{c1::bougienage or a nasogastric tube}}
Published	11/02/2024	Signs and symptoms including {{c1::significant abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fevers, abdominal distention, or peritonitis}} should alert the provi…
Published	11/02/2024	The majority of FBs that pass into the stomach will usually pass through the remainder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract uneventfully. These patients…
Published	11/02/2024	What should be done if the FB has reached the GI system, but was not identified with passage of stool?{{c1::If the child remains asymptomatic and the …
Published	11/02/2024	Button batteries will appear as {{c1::a round, smooth object}} on radiographs and are often misdiagnosed as coins. However, on close inspection, some …
Published	11/02/2024	Early and late complications of esophageal battery impaction include {{c1::esophageal perforation}}, {{c1::tracheoesophageal fistula}}, {{c1::strictur…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5916:top=.1479:width=.141:height=.1417:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0953:top=.7682:width=.094:height=.0762:…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Plain radiographs}} are most commonly used to confirm the diagnosis
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7143:top=.0943:width=.1246:height=.056:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7135:top=.3086:width=.126:height=.131:o…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::Smaller objects and straight pins}} are associated with lower rates of perforation and can be {{c1::conservatively managed}}
Published	11/02/2024	Often due to the size and density of the bezoar, medical management and endoscopic {{c1::removal are unsuccessful, and operation is necessary}}
Published	11/02/2024	How to manage food impaction?{{c1::Removal using either pull or push technique}}{{c1::Unsuccessful attempts using one technique were rescued with the …
Published	11/02/2024	The most common presenting symptoms of Airway foreign bodies include {{c1::respiratory distress}}, {{c1::stridor}}, and/or {{c1::wheezing}}. {{c1::Dys…
Published	11/02/2024	Chronic Airway FBs often masquerade as {{c1::respiratory illnesses with persistent cough and atelectasis}}, {{c1::recurrent pneumonia}}, or {{c1::hoar…
Published	11/02/2024	Following a detailed history for Airway FB, investigation usually turns to {{c1::AP and lateral films of the neck and chest}}. If the child is coopera…
Published	11/02/2024	Decubitus views may also prove helpful because the obstructed lung {{c1::will not deflate, even while in a dependent position.}}
Published	11/02/2024	Radiographic imaging remains helpful in children with a history of choking, yet definitive diagnosis still requires {{c1::bronchoscopy.}}
Published	11/02/2024	The use of the {{c1::flexible bronchoscope}} to diagnose a FB followed by {{c1::a rigid bronchoscopy}} for removal is a common approach utilized by pe…
Published	11/02/2024	During bronchoscopy for Airway FB, we recommend positioning the head in the {{c1::“sniffing” position with a folded towel under the shoulders.}}
Published	11/02/2024	How to avoid laryngospasm during bronchoscopy?{{c1::Lidocaine (2-4 mg/kg)}}
Published	11/02/2024	In difficult cases, especially with FBs lodged distal to the main bronchus, a {{c1::Fogarty catheter}} may be helpful to {{c1::wedge the FB between th…
Published	11/02/2024	Partial Airway FB removal will at times be necessary, especially with {{c1::chronic foreign bodies}} associated with {{c1::significant bleeding or air…
Published	11/02/2024	Overall complications of rigid or flexible endoscopy include {{c1::bleeding from local inflammation}}, {{c1::laryngospasm}}, {{c1::pneumothorax}}, and…
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