Notes in Cell Signaling Insulin Lecture

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Published	09/04/2024	Glucose level is regulated through the opposing actions of: {{c1::insulin (reduces glucose levels) and glucagon (raises glucose levels)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Carbohydrates broken down into {{c1::hexoses}} in the gut
Published	09/04/2024	Hexoses absorbed via {{c1::glucose transporters (e.g., GLUT4)}} bc cannot pass freely through membrane
Published	09/04/2024	Phosphorylation can {{c1::reversibly turn an enzyme or receptor on or off, altering its function::do what to an enzyme or receptor?}}
Published	09/04/2024	Reversible phosphorylation results in {{c1::conformational change in the structure}} of enzymes and receptors
Published	09/04/2024	Phosphorylation occurs on these amino acid residues:  {{c1::serine, threonine, tyrosine, and histidine}}
Published	09/04/2024	A kinase is an {{c1::enzyme catalyzing a phosphorylation reaction}}
Published	09/04/2024	A phosphatase is an enzyme that {{c1::dephosphorylates (removes phosphate residues)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Insulin is a {{c1::protein::macromolecule}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::C peptide}} measurement is used to see if insulin is being produced
Published	09/04/2024	Glucagon and epinephrine lead to {{c1::glycogenolysis::metabolic process}} via {{c1::- Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase → inactive form-…
Published	09/04/2024	After insulin binds to receptor, a key event is the {{c1::translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane}}
Published	09/04/2024	Glucose transporters utilize {{c1::Facilitated (Passive) diffusion::kind of transport and Active Transport}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::13::#}} different glucose transporters; main ones are {{c1::GLUT1-5}}
Published	09/04/2024	GLUT1 is found in {{c1::Brain, erythrocytes, placenta, fetal tissue}} and has a {{c1::low::high/low}} Km
Published	09/04/2024	GLUT2 is found in {{c1::Liver, kidney, intestine, pancreatic β-cell}} and has a {{c1::high::high/low}} Km
Published	09/04/2024	GLUT3 is found in {{c1::Brain,}} and has a {{c1::low::high/low}} Km
Published	09/04/2024	GLUT4 is found in {{c1::muscle and adipose tissue}} and has a {{c1::median::high/low/median}} Km
Published	09/04/2024	GLUT5 is found in {{c1::jejunum}} and has a {{c1::median::high/low/median}} Km
Published	09/04/2024	SGLT1 {{c1::mediates intestinal absorption of glucose from the diet on the luminal side of the intestinal enterocyte::fxn}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::GLUT2::GLUT?}} is important in the basolateral efflux of glucose into the blood stream
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::SGLT1}} is also important in the glucose-mediated secretion of {{c1::incretin hormones}}, {{c1::GIP and GLP-1}}
Published	09/04/2024	Incretin hormones:{{c1::- GLP-1- GIP::(2)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Both GLP-1 and GIP ({{c1::incretin hormones::what kind of hormone?}}) are {{c1::inactivated::activated/inactivated}} by the enzyme dipeptidyl pep…
Published	09/04/2024	DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, released from {{c1::endothelial cells of blood vessels.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Incretins hormones ({{c1::GLP-1 and GIP::2 major ones}}) released from gut postprandially stimulating secretion of {{c1::insulin}} by the {{c1::beta-c…
Published	09/04/2024	Insulin is a(n) {{c1::anabolic::amphibolic/anabolic/catabolic}} hormone
Published	09/04/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates::stimulates/halts}} lipogenesis by acting on {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) ::which enzymes?}}
Published	09/04/2024	Glucagon {{c1::halts::stimulates/halts}} lipogenesis
Published	09/04/2024	Insulin {{c1::activates}} glycogen synthesis by {{c1::changing the phosphorylation states of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase}}
Published	09/10/2024	Insulin leads to {{c1::glycogenesis::metabolic process}} via{{c1::- Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase → active form- Dephosphorylation of gl…
Published	09/04/2024	Normal fasting blood glucose: {{c1::70 to 130 mg/dL(3.9-7.1 mmol/L)}}
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