Notes in RO712 - midterm

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Published	05/10/2024	Who discovered X-rays?1) when?2) using what?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe a Crookes Tube (3)
Published	05/10/2024	After discovery of x-rays, how long did it take for dentists to start using them?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 major types of dental x-rays?- which are intra oral & which are extra oral?
Published	05/10/2024	What are CBCTs commonly used for? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Difference btw particulate & electromagnetic radiation
Published	05/10/2024	In the Bohr model of an atom, why do electrons stay in a specific shell?
Published	05/10/2024	Define the following:1) atomic number (Z)2) atomic mass (A)3) ionization
Published	05/10/2024	An atom __ energy if it moves closer to the nucleus;an atom __ energy if it moves further from the nucleus
Published	05/10/2024	Define electromagnetic radiation
Published	05/10/2024	Which quantum energies are ionizing? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the unit for frequency?
Published	05/10/2024	Huygens' principle
Published	05/10/2024	What electromagnetic radiation can pass through lead?- can alpha or beta rays pass through the body?
Published	05/10/2024	Plank's law (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Define quantum energy of atom
Published	05/10/2024	Low frequency = ___ propagation
Published	05/10/2024	Define ionizing radiation
Published	05/10/2024	Cathode is ___ charged & anode is ___ charged
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the x-ray cathode (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the cathode made of tungsten? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the focusing cup made of molybdenum? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the x-ray anode (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there a copper stem in the anode?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there a vacuum in the x-ray tube? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the X-ray tube surrounded by oil?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there a tube window in X-ray tube?
Published	05/10/2024	Steps of x-ray generation (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of the step down transformer?- step up transformer?
Published	05/10/2024	How many volts are entered into the x-ray circuit?1) how many volts exit the step down transformer?2) how many volts exit the step up transformer?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there not a continuous generation of x-rays?
Published	05/10/2024	What does intensity of radiation depend on?- when is it highest?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the binding energies of the following shells:1) M2) L3) K
Published	05/10/2024	Why do we use a step-up transformer to increase the voltage to 70,000?
Published	05/10/2024	How much energy is transferred by moving from K to M shell?- how much energy is transferred by moving from M to K shell?
Published	05/10/2024	How can an electron be removed from a shell?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the primary source of radiation?
Published	05/10/2024	In bremsstrahlung radiation, an accelerated electron can: (2)1) what will this release?2) what will be generated?
Published	05/10/2024	In bremsstrahlung radiation, what causes the electrons to have varying levels of kinetic energy?
Published	05/10/2024	In bremsstrahlung radiation, what causes the electrons to have different amounts of energy (photons)?
Published	05/10/2024	In bremsstrahlung radiation, why does an electron carry different amounts of energy?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe characteristic radiation (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Bremsstrahlung radiation is found at a ___ of photon energies (keV);characteristic radiation is found at ___ photon energies (keV)
Published	05/10/2024	Define attenuation
Published	05/10/2024	X-ray vs radiograph
Published	05/10/2024	Attenuation - no interaction:1) what % of primary beam?2) describe the movement of photon3) what does the photon preserve?
Published	05/10/2024	Attenuation - photoelectric absorption:1) what % of primary beam?2) what is it critical for?3) what does the photon interact with?4) what kind of radi…
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to the characteristic radiation generated by photoelectric absorption?
Published	05/10/2024	Attenuation - coherent scattering:1) what % of primary beam?2) what photon is used?3) how is the atom affected?4) scattered photon has same/lowered en…
Published	05/10/2024	Attenuation - Compton scattering:1) what % of primary beam?2) what photon is used? what does it interact with?3) what is it proportional to?4) scatter…
Published	05/10/2024	X-rays are emitted in all directions, which x-rays will be used for diagnosis?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 major characteristics of x-rays?
Published	05/10/2024	Tube current:1) define2) what is it measured in?3) what does it determine?4) what is usually found in x-ray devices?
Published	05/10/2024	Increased mA = ___ # of x-rays photons = ___ radiographic density
Published	05/10/2024	Define density
Published	05/10/2024	Define exposure time (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Is a longer exposure time lighter or darker?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the equation to calculate the quantity of photons?
Published	05/10/2024	Increased electron speed, __ released energy
Published	05/10/2024	Tube voltage:1) what is it measured in?2) what does it affect? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How does tube voltage affect photons? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	More tube voltage = __ wavelength = ___ penetration
Published	05/10/2024	Define contrast
Published	05/10/2024	Contrast:short scale = __ contrastlong scale = __ contrast
Published	05/10/2024	What are the factors that affect the subject of radiograph? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Rank the following in terms of lowest to highest Z (atomic #):dental materials, soft tissue, hard tissue
Published	05/10/2024	Why is pulp more radiolucent than dentin / enamel?
Published	05/10/2024	Increased Z = ___ absorption = ___ beam intensity delivered to sensor- is this radiopaque or radiolucent?
Published	05/10/2024	Increased density = __ beam intensity delivered to sensor
Published	05/10/2024	Why is only enamel found on the occlusal of radiographs?(aka why does the radiopaque represent enamel)
Published	05/10/2024	Why can we not see the CDJ on radiographs? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What do the principles of geometrical optics depend on? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 geometrical considerations of x-rays? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What causes unsharpness?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the purpose of target angulation?
Published	05/10/2024	1) How close do you want the source to the object?- is the shadow bigger or smaller if the source is closer to the object?2) how close do you want the…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the inverse square law?
Published	05/10/2024	How will a longer cone size affect exposure times?
Published	05/10/2024	Long cone = ___ inches; short cone = ___ inches
Published	05/10/2024	What does the raised dot on the x-ray unit indicate?
Published	05/10/2024	Receptor is ___ to object &object & receptor are ___ to source
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the bisecting angle technique
Published	05/10/2024	Bissecting angle technique places the receptor __ to object when compared to paralleling technique- why is the paralleling technique preferred?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes foreshortening?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes elongation?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes a radiograph to look bent?- how can you prevent this?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe an ideal radiograph (5)(in terms of source/object/receptor)
Published	05/10/2024	What causes a cone cut?
Published	05/10/2024	What contributes to fog in a radiograph?
Published	05/10/2024	How to reduce scattering radiation? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	How does an aluminum filter reduce scattering?- where is it placed?
Published	05/10/2024	Purpose of a collimator1) where is it placed?2) what is the recommended shape?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the position indicating device?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there a lead backing behind film?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe an ideal radiograph (4)(in terms of its characteristics)
Published	05/10/2024	What effects maximum detail/minimum distortion? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What effects mean density? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What effects mean contrast? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Which has a longer latent image, digital or film?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the two types of digital receptors?
Published	05/10/2024	When do you use phosphorus plates? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of analog receptors?
Published	05/10/2024	Pros of digital receptors (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Cons of digital receptors (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe how a digital sensor works (4)
Published	05/10/2024	How do plates physically compare to digital sensors (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Phosphorus plate sizes:1) 1 = 2) 2 =3) 4 =
Published	05/10/2024	How is the latent image converted to a digital image when using plates?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes plates to release stored energy (from X-rays)?- what is this energy released as?
Published	05/10/2024	Phosphorous plates can lose __% of trapped electrons after 30 mins & __% after 1 hour- when should plates be processed?
Published	05/10/2024	What must be done to PSP plates before next exposure?
Published	05/10/2024	What does PSP stand for?
Published	05/10/2024	Characteristics of digital receptors (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Radiographic vs receptor contrast
Published	05/10/2024	Contrast resolution definition (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Contrast resolution of the following:1) current detectors2) conventional computer screens3) human vision
Published	05/10/2024	Spatial resolution definition (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Latitude definition
Published	05/10/2024	Sensitivity definition (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Non-screen film = ___ exposure = ___ films;screen film = ___ exposure = ___ films
Published	05/10/2024	Layers of the film receptor (7)
Published	05/10/2024	What collects info in a film?
Published	05/10/2024	Sizes of films- which is most common?
Published	05/10/2024	Size of films = ___;speed of films = ___
Published	05/10/2024	Speeds of films (3)1) how much less radiation is needed?2) what determines the speed of films?
Published	05/10/2024	D films have __ grains, __ sensitive, __ detail;F films have __ grains, __ sensitive, __ detail
Published	05/10/2024	A raised dot on a film indicates what?
Published	05/10/2024	How do you know if you exposed the film on the wrong side?
Published	05/10/2024	What are screen (extraoral) films used with?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the process of latent image & film processing (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Latent image & film processor takes longer in __ temperatures- how long does it take to develop film in 80 degree temperature? 68 degrees?
Published	05/10/2024	What problems can occur with all receptors? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are problems that can occur with film? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What causes films to be too light? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What causes films to be too dark? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is a problem that can occur with plates? sensors?
Published	05/10/2024	Define radiobiology
Published	05/10/2024	What is damage to a cell's DNA the primary cause of? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Direct vs indirect effects of radiation
Published	05/10/2024	Where do most radiation effects come from?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different ways radiation can damage DNA? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What damages to DNA will most likely cause mutation?- which is the main mechanism for mutation?
Published	05/10/2024	Define deterministic effect of radiation1) when does it occur?2) what is proportional?
Published	05/10/2024	Define stochastic effect of radiation1) when does it occur?2) what does probability depend on?
Published	05/10/2024	For the deterministic effect, what does the type of damage depend on?1) when is it most radiosensitive?2) when is it less radiosensitive?3) when is it…
Published	05/10/2024	What are characteristics for cells that are highly radiosensitive? (3)- examples (6)
Published	05/10/2024	What are characteristics for cells that are least radiosensitive? (2)- examples? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	For the deterministic effect, what are the modifying factors that modify the effects radiation has on cells? (3)- describe each of them
Published	05/10/2024	Will dentistry cause the deterministic effect to occur?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	When do we use radiotherapy in the oral cavity?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the indications of radiotherapy in the oral cavity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is oral cavity radiotherapy usually combined with?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the cumulative dose for radiotherapy of the oral cavity?1) daily dose?2) weekly dose?
Published	05/10/2024	What effects of oral cavity radiotherapy are seen during radiotherapy? (3)- after? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe mucositis (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe radiation caries- what is it caused by?
Published	05/10/2024	What occur if oral radiotherapy is used on children too young?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe osteoradionecrosis (2)- what will a dentist do minimize damage?
Published	05/10/2024	Why do we avoid taking radiographs in first 6 months post radiation therapy?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the deterministic effect on embryos & fetuses depend on? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What weeks do the following occur:1) pre-implantation2) organogenesis3) fetal period
Published	05/10/2024	What weeks will the following occur:1) prenatal/neonatal death2) mental retardation, high risk3) mental retardation, 4x lower risk4) microcephaly & ge…
Published	05/10/2024	When do the following occur & how much radiation needed:1) congenital anomalies2) mental retardation
Published	05/10/2024	How much radiation do the following use:1) periapical2) panoramic3) CBCT
Published	05/10/2024	Can you x-ray pregnant women?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	Deterministic effect = DNA ___ = ___ graph- stochastic effect = DNA ___ = ___ graph
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the following stochastic models:1) linear-no-threshold2) linear-threshold3) hormetic4) hypersensitivity- which one is most accepted according…
Published	05/10/2024	The current absence of proof is not:
Published	05/10/2024	Stochastic effect: what does severity of radiation-induced cancer not vary with?
Published	05/10/2024	Are radiation-induced cancers distinguishable from other cancers?
Published	05/10/2024	Stochastic effect: what has the potential to cause DNA mutation?
Published	05/10/2024	How does the risk of radiation-induced tumor induction compare btw children & adults?- why is this?
Published	05/10/2024	Carcinogenesis:1) when does leukemia cause most amount of deaths?2) when do solid cancers cause most amount of deaths?3) do children of atomic bomb su…
Published	05/10/2024	What could predict who is at greater risk of developing x-ray related cancers?
Published	05/10/2024	Cell radiosensitivity is proportional to what?
Published	05/10/2024	Review of deterministic effects:1) __ DNA damage2) what does DNA damage result in? (2)3) what are examples of deterministic effect? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Review of stochastic effect:1) ___ DNA damage2) what does DNA damage result in? (2)3) what are examples of stochastic effect? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Deterministic vs stochastic:1) which includes that the severity of clinical effects is proportional to dose?2) which includes that the probability of …
Published	05/10/2024	Dentists in private practice not only the treating clinician, but also the: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Define equivalent dose1) what is the radiation-weighting factor (Wr)?2) what is the equation for equivalent dose?
Published	05/10/2024	Define effective dose1) what is it used for?2) what does it consider?
Published	05/10/2024	3 principles of radiation protection- describe each of them
Published	05/10/2024	Which radiation protection principles only apply to patients?- which apply to occupation & public exposure?
Published	05/10/2024	Why do dose limits not apply to patients?
Published	05/10/2024	On average, how much medical radiation is a person exposed to in the U.S per year?- what % of this is from dental x-rays?
Published	05/10/2024	On average, how much natural background radiation is a person exposed to in the U.S per year?- how much is from radon?
Published	05/10/2024	Dental radiation exposes patients to __ amounts & medical radiation exposes patients to __ amounts
Published	05/10/2024	Why is equivalent background exposure not technically accurate?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the recommended dose limits for the following:1) occupational - stochastic & tissue reactions2) public - stochastic3) public - lens of eye (t…
Published	05/10/2024	How to ensure radiation protection of patient? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Intraoral imaging equipment:1) what are the operating potentials of dental x-ray units?2) what is the source-to-skin distance?3) what film image recep…
Published	05/10/2024	What % of sites are using digital?1) % using film?of those using film:2) % using D-speed?3) % using F-speed?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of direct digital sensors?
Published	05/10/2024	Why & when did we stop using lead aprons?- when do we use thyroid shielding?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 things you should explain to a patient? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Define the "insignificant exposure" category
Published	05/10/2024	What is the procedure prior to x-raying pregnant patients? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Special considerations for pediatric imaging (6)
Published	05/10/2024	How to protect for patient & operator from exposure?- what can a patient's family or caregiver do that an operator cannot?
Published	05/10/2024	A human holder (holding the receptor): (3)
Status	Last Update	Fields