Notes in Foundational Science

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Published	08/28/2024	Descriptive statistics {{c1::summarize}} the sample data In general, descriptive statistics are {{c1::hypothesis-generating}}
Published	08/28/2024	Standard deviation is {{c1::directly}} related to variance
Published	08/28/2024	Why do we not use mean and SD for skewed distributions?The mean and SD are often {{c1::wrongly}} presented for skewed distributions
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Standard error}} is the standard deviation of the sampling distributionHow do you reduce SE? {{c1::larger sample size}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the threshold p-value for statistical significance?{{c1::5%}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::confidence interval}} refers to the probability that a population parameter will fall between a set of values for a certain proportion of times.
Published	08/28/2024	Confidence intervals provide {{c1::a range of plausible values}} that may contain the population value
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Ho (null hypothesis)}} a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that thereis no difference between certain characteristics of a pop…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the hypothesis that describes what we expect to find?{{c1::Alternative hypothesis (𝐻A)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) used for? To determine if the test statistic is {{c1::well outside}} the region of a true H0
Published	08/28/2024	Recent push to have maximum area be {{c1::0.5%}} instead of 5%
Published	08/28/2024	p-values are {{c1::area}} of a null sampling distribution
Published	08/28/2024	p-values are just a piece of evidence and not THE evidence because the are heavily pressured by {{c1::sample size}}
Published	08/28/2024	type {{c1::I}} errors: false positive
Published	08/28/2024	Someone is given an innocent verdict but was actually guilty. What type of error is this?type {{c1::II}} error: false negative
Published	08/28/2024	By limiting Type II Errors, what do we improve?{{c1::statistical power}} is the probability of obtaining a statistically significant result givenit ac…
Published	08/28/2024	Biological sex, blood type, race, alive vs. dead are all examples of what scale of measurement?{{c1::A nominal categorical variable}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two types of quantitative variables?{{c1::discrete and continuous}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the difference between discrete and continous quantitative variables?{{c1::Discrete = integers and Continuous = non-integers}}
Published	08/28/2024	What types of variables are sometimes categorical and sometimes quantitative?{{c4::oridinal variables}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the central tendency and dispersion metric for normal distribution data set?– Central tendency: {{c1::mean}} (the average)– Dispersion: {{c1::…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the metric for central tendency and dispersion for data that does not have a normal distribution (e.g., skewed, outliers)– Central tenden…
Published	08/28/2024	A one-tailed alternative hypothesis is {{c1::directional}} – e.g., the mean A1c of patients receiving Farxiga will be lower than patients receiving me…
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