Notes in MP.S1.LB3.Intro to Parasitology

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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Acanthamoeba}} is an important cause of severe keratitis among contact lens wearers.
Published	10/21/2024	Acanthamoeba can cause three main types of illnesses: {{c1::Acanthamoeba keratitis or Granulomatous amebic encephalitis or Disseminated infection}}
Published	10/21/2024	Trophozoites replicate by:
Published	10/21/2024	Give the two morphologic forms of Acanthamoeba and state which is dormant or active
Published	10/21/2024	Acanthamoeba spp{{c1::Trophozoites}} are the infective form however, both cysts and trophozoites gain entry through various means.
Published	10/21/2024	Disease associated with use of improperly disinfected contact lenses, particularly those rinsed in tap water or contaminated lens solution.
Published	10/21/2024	Diagnostic test for Acanthamoeba keratitis that can be done if culture is negative or if the lesion is primarily intrastromal or epithelialized.
Published	10/21/2024	Acanthamoeba Cyst Two layers of cyst wall are:{{c1:: Exocyst}} - wrinkled fibrous outer wall{{c1::Endocyst}} - may be polygonal, star-shaped, or sphe…
Published	10/21/2024	Motility of Acanthamoeba is described as
Published	10/21/2024	Characteristic spine-like projections in Acanthamoeba trophozoites are called
Published	10/21/2024	Acanthamoeba keratitis can be confused with what disease
Published	10/21/2024	Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba is done through (4) methods
Published	10/21/2024	Curative treatment for Acanthamoebe keratitis
Published	10/21/2024	Acanthamoeba keratitis treatment: Optimal treatment approach is still uncertain, however, {{c1::combination therapy}} should be given.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)::what illness caused by Acanthamoeba spp }} usually occurs in the immunocompromised, chronically ill, an…
Published	10/21/2024	Prevailing theory on Acanthamoeba spp. entry into the CNS is incompletely understood but may be from:•{{c1:: hematogenous}} route• {{c1::direct infect…
Published	10/21/2024	While {{c1::Cryptococcus meningitis and toxoplasmosis}} are more common in patients with {{c2::AIDS}} than GAE, lack of response despite appropriate t…
Published	10/21/2024	Identify:
Published	10/21/2024	What is this form of Acanthamoeba spp?
Published	10/21/2024	Balamuthia transmission: There are no known reports of person to person transmission except through {{c1::organ donation/transplant}}
Published	10/21/2024	What is the incubation period for GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	Subacute and chronic infection in GAE can last for {{c1::weeks to months}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Name three systemic manifestations of GAE.
Published	10/21/2024	What are the neurologic symptoms of GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	How is the diagnosis of GAE usually established due to its rarity and unfamiliarity?
Published	10/21/2024	Why are GAE manifestations difficult to diagnose?
Published	10/21/2024	Name three useful tests for diagnosing GAE.
Published	10/21/2024	What does specific diagnosis of GAE depend on?
Published	10/21/2024	How can Acanthamoeba be further studied if not directly demonstrated on CSF?
Published	10/21/2024	What is considered the gold standard for diagnosing GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	Why is brain imaging not reliable for diagnosing GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	When can a spinal tap help diagnose GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	In what kind of patient can autopsy confirm GAE?
Published	10/21/2024	Findings on neural tissue in GAE include cerebral edema with areas of {{c1::hemorrhage}} and focal {{c1::abscesses}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Frequently affected areas of the brain in GAE include the {{c1::posterior fossa structures}}, {{c1::thalamus}}, and {{c1::brainstem}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The leptomeninges over the affected area in GAE show {{c1::opaque}} appearance with {{c1::purulent exudates}} and {{c1::vascular congestion}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Focal lesions in GAE are visible on MRI but are considered {{c1::non-specific}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The treatment approach for GAE is often uncertain and typically involves a combination of drugs such as {{c1::miltefosine}}, {{c1::fluconazole}}, and …
Published	10/21/2024	Corifungin is considered effective against both {{c1::cyst}} and {{c1::trophozoite}} forms of Acanthamoeba {{c2::castellani}}
Published	10/21/2024	For treatment of GAE, single cerebral lesions should be {{c1::resected}} whenever possible.
Published	10/21/2024	Proper {{c1::contact lens}} hygiene is essential to prevent GAE
Published	10/21/2024	Heating or boiling water is effective in killing {{c1::trophozoites}} and {{c1::cysts}} of Acanthamoeba spp.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Immunocompromised}} persons should be aware of the risk of GAE, and physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion
Published	10/21/2024	Balamuthia mandrillaris is commonly found in {{c1::dust}} and {{c1::soil}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Balamuthia mandrillaris can present in three patterns: {{c1::initial skin lesion followed by CNS involvement}}, purely {{c1::CNS}}, or purely {{c1::cu…
Published	10/21/2024	Balamuthia mandrillaris has two stages: {{c1::cyst}} and {{c1::trophozoites}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Trophozoites of Balamuthia mandrillaris replicate by {{c1::mitosis}}, where the nuclear membrane does not remain {{c1::intact}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Balamuthia mandrillaris can enter the body through {{c1::nasal passages}} or {{c1::broken skin}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The cysts of {{c1::Balamuthia mandrillaris}} and {{c1::Acanthamoeba spp}} are highly morphologically similar and cannot be distinguished under {{c2::l…
Published	10/21/2024	To distinguish between Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba spp, {{c1::molecular confirmation}} or {{c1::electron microscopy}} is required.
Published	10/21/2024	Trophozoites of Balamuthia mandrillaris produce {{c1::pseudopodia}} that are {{c1::longer::shorter or longer}} than those from Acanthamoeba spp.
Published	10/21/2024	Trophozoites of Balamuthia mandrillaris have {{c1::no spine projections}}, which is an important distinguishing feature.
Published	10/21/2024	Cutaneous involvement by Balamuthia mandrillaris often presents with a non-ulcerated {{c1::plaque}} with raised borders and a {{c1::violaceous}} hue.
Published	10/21/2024	CNS symptoms of Balamuthia mandrillaris are due to {{c1::thrombotic angiitis}}, leading to hemorrhage, infarct, and necrosis.
Published	10/21/2024	Histopathologic characteristics of skin biopsy for Balamuthia mandrillaris include diffuse {{c1::granulomatous reaction}} in the reticular dermis.
Published	10/21/2024	A definitive diagnosis of Balamuthia mandrillaris requires visualization of {{c1::trophozoites}} and {{c1::cysts}} via direct {{c1::immunostaining}}.
Published	10/21/2024	GAE diagnosis is often challenging due to {{c1::nonspecific}} signs and symptoms and is frequently made {{c1::right before death or postmortem}}.
Published	10/21/2024	In GAE, CSF findings often include lymphocytic {{c1::pleocytosis}}, mild to severe elevation of {{c1::protein}}, and low {{c1::glucose}}.
Published	10/21/2024	A hemorrhagic spinal tap is a non-specific finding associated with {{c1::GAE}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Diagnosis of GAE may involve brain biopsy showing {{c1::granulomas}} with {{c2::foamy macrophages}} and multinucleated {{c2::giant cells}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Direct immunostaining should be performed to distinguish between {{c1::Acanthamoeba}} and {{c1::Balamuthia mandrillaris}}.
Published	10/21/2024	For GAE diagnosis, brain biopsy findings include {{c1::granulomas}} with {{c1::foamy macrophages}}, multinucleated giant cells, and evidence of {{c1::…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Naegleria fowleri}} is a free living amoeba that lives in warm freshwater, soil, hot springs, poorly-chlorinated recreational and tap water. Thi…
Published	10/21/2024	N. fowleri route of infection
Published	10/21/2024	After nasal mucosa penetration, N. fowleri amebae migrate to the brain via the {{c1::olfactory nerves}} causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PA…
Published	10/21/2024	Stage of N. fowleri that has a smooth, single-layered wall and a single nucleus. It is found as spherical in shape in the environment and in culture.
Published	10/21/2024	Identify
Published	10/21/2024	Trophozoites of N. fowleri have {{c1::active}} and {{c1::directional}} motility.
Published	10/21/2024	Two forms of N. fowleri trophozoites.{{c1::Amoeboflagellate}} : has two flagella; non-feeding form{{c1::Ameboid}} : has blunt, lobose pseudopodia
Published	10/21/2024	Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) symptoms start {{c1::1 to 12}} days after exposure. Death happens within {{c1::1 to 18 days}} and is usually …
Published	10/21/2024	Identify whether the analyte is high or low in the CSF findings of patients with primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).{{c1::high}} WBC with neutro…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Trophozoites}} and {{::amoeboflagellate}} can also be found in the CSF findings of patients with primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). But t…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::PCR}} and {{::immunostaining}} are sensitive and specific assays for the diagnosis of N. fowleri infection.
Published	10/21/2024	N. fowleri favors warm water and the presence of {{c1::fecal coliform}} may increase risk of infection because they provide food for ameba.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::N. Philippinensis}} is the local species of Naegleria. It is indistinguishable {{c2::morphologically}} but {{c2::biochemically}} distinct.
Published	10/21/2024	N. fowleri is easily killed with {{c1::chlorination}} of water with concentration of at least 1 ppm.
Published	10/21/2024	Identify whether this is Naegleria in the ameboid form or the amoeboflagellate form.
Published	10/21/2024	Identify whether this is Naegleria in the ameboid form or the amoeboflagellate form.
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