Notes in 08SourcesOfBias

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Published	07/30/2024	Can influence performance or the recording and reporting of outcomes{{c1::Participant's knowledge of their treatment}}{{c1::Investigator's expectation…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Subjectiveness of assessment 2. Need for blinding{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Double-blind study::blinding}}: neither the subjects nor the investigators are aware of the identity of the treatment groups until after data ar…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Single-blind study::blinding}}: only the participants/investigator/assessor/measurement team is blinded
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::History Effect::Sources of Bias}}: Presence of extraneous events prior to a posttest that can affect the dependent variable
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Maturation Effect::Sources of Bias}}: Concerns processes that occur simply as a function of the passage of time and that are independent of exte…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Attrition Effect::Sources of Bias}}: Experimental mortality; Results in a differential loss of subjects, dropouts that occur for specific reason…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Testing Effect::Sources of Bias}}: When a test itself is responsible for observed changes in the measured variable; seen in studies on awareness…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Instrumentation Effect::Sources of Bias}}: Bias is introduced by an unreliable or inaccurate measurement system
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Regression Effect::Sources of Bias}}: Tendency for extreme scores on the pretest to regress toward the mean on the posttest; Directly related to…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Practice Effect::Sources of Bias}}: The learning effect that can take place when one individual repeats a task over and over; seen in repeated m…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carry-over Effect::Sources of Bias}}: When one subject is exposed to multiple treatment conditions; seen in cross-over design
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sampling Bias::Sources of Bias}}: occurs when the individuals selected for a sample overrepresent or underrepresent certain population attribute…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Experimental Bias::Sources of Bias}} aka {{c1::Hawthorne Effect}}: Tendency of persons who are singled out for special attention to perform bett…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Order Effect:: Sources of Bias}}: Biasing effect of test sequence
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Experimenter Effects (Experimenter Bias):: Sources of Bias}}: Present in research data because of behaviors, expectations, or attitudes of those…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Detection Bias:: Sources of Bias}}: Occurs if outcome measures differs across comparison groups; problem with the use of equipment
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: HISTORY EFFECTBe clear in the research protocol about {{c1::extraneous factors}}; need to consider in data analysis
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: MATURATION EFFECTSpecify {{c1::study duration}} considering changes brought about by the passage of time
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: ATTRITION EFFECT{{c1::Intention to treat analysis::type of analysis}} or {{c1::completer analysis::type of analysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: TESTING EFFECTCheck {{c1::psychometric properties::type of property}} of the test
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: INSTRUMENTATION EFFECT{{c1::Calibration}}; Use outcome measures/instruments with {{c1::established::established/not established}…
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: REGRESSION EFFECTEnsure {{c1::high reliability of measurements}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: PRACTICE EFFECTCheck {{c1::psychometric properties::type of property}} of outcome measures
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: CARRY-OVER EFFECT{{c1::wash-out period}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: ORDER EFFECT{{c1::Randomize the order of presentation of the assessment procedures}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: EXPERIMENTAL BIAS1. {{c1::Randomly assign the subjects to the groups}}2. {{c1::blinded::blinded/not blinded}} assessors3. Always have…
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: EXPERIMENTER EFFECTS{{c1::Blinding of the interventionists and assessors}}
Published	07/30/2024	How to Minimize: DETECTION BIASEnsure {{c1::consistency}} of use of outcome measure tools
Published	07/30/2024	To assess the quality of RCTs, we usually use the {{c1::PEDro SCALE}}. It is an {{c2::11::number}}-item scale, but the {{c2::first::order}} item is no…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subjective Tests::Subjective/Objective}}: If the outcome measures depend on the ability of the assessors to read the gauge or score the particip…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::INTRA-reliability::Type of rater reliability}}: stability of data recorded by one individual across two or more trials; same person being reliab…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wash-out period}}: allows the participants to attain their baseline scores before introducing the cross-over intervention; effects of the first …
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