Notes in Demyelinating diseases and Neurodegenerative diseases

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Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating Diseases{{c1::Multiple Sclerosis}}Most common demyelinating disorder
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating DiseasesMultiple SclerosisSeen in {{c1::females::what sex}} more than {{c1::males}}
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating DiseasesMultiple SclerosisAutoimmune disorder characterized by distinct episodes of neurologic deficits that are separated in {{c1::time…
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating DiseasesMultiple SclerosisCaused by activated {{c1::Th1}} and {{c1::Th17}} cells and their injurious products
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating DiseasesMultiple SclerosisCSF analysis will show:{{c1::Oligoclonal bands}}{{c1::Increased IgG}}
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating DiseasesMultiple Sclerosis{{c1::Optic neuritis}} is a frequent initial manifestation
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating Diseases{{c1::Neuromyelitis Optica}}Syndrome with synchronous (or near-synchronous) bilateral optic neuritis and spinal cord demyelinati…
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating Diseases{{c1::Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis}}Diffuse monophasic demyelination disease that follows a viral infection, or rarely, …
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating Diseases{{c1::Acute Demyelinated Encephalomyelitis}}Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis or {{c2::Weston Hurst disease}}Fulminant syndrom…
Published	12/09/2024	Demyelinating Diseases{{c1::Central Pontine Myelinolysis}}Acute disorder characterized by loss of myelin in the base of the pons and portions of the p…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesCharacterized by the progressive loss of particular groups of neurons which often have shared functionsCommon to all is&nbsp…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Prion Disease}}Rapidly progressiveCaused by aggregation and intercellular spread of a misfolded {{c2::prion protein (P…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion DiseasePathogenesisNormal PrP isoform (c1::PrPc) has an {{c1::alpha-helix}} conformation → Undergoes conform…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion Disease{{c1::Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease}}Most common prion disease
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseOccurs mostly {{c1::sporadic}} (in 90% of cases)Peaks in the {{c1::7th}} decadeUniform…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseOnset: subtle changes in {{c1::memory and behavior}} followed by a rapidly progressive…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease{{c1::Variant CJD}}Occurs in young adultsManifests behavioral disorders in early stage…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesPrion DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jakob DiseasePathognomonic finding: {{c1::spongiform transformation}} of cerebral cortex and deep g…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Alzheimer's Disease}}Most common cause of dementia in older adults  With an increasing incidence as a functi…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseaseDue to accumulation of two proteins:{{c1::Aß}}{{c1::tau}}
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseaseManifests as deficits in memory, visuospatial orientation, judgement, personalityand languageFamilial (5-…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseasePathogenesisAmyloid Precursor Protein (APP) normally cleaves at the {{c1::α}} or {{c1::γ}} portionAβ…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseasePathogenesisThe number of {{c1::neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)}} correlates better with the degree of deme…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseaseHistopathological findings{{c1::Neuritic plaques}}Focal spherical collections of dilated, tortuous, axona…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseaseHistopathological findings{{c1::Neuriticofibrillary tangles}}Tau-containing bundles of filaments in the c…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAlzheimer's DiseaseHistopathological findings{{c1::Tangle and neurites}}In contrast to neurotic and diffuse plaques, not spe…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations (FTLD)}}"Frontotemporal dementia"Heterogenous group of disorders associated with fo…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesFrontotemporal Lobar Degenerations (FTLD){{c1::FTLD-tau::What type of FTLD}}Only tau aggregation and accumulationMutations i…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesFrontotemporal Lobar Degenerations (FTLD)FTLD-tau{{c1::Pick disease}}Asymmetric atrophy ("knife-edge") of the frontal and te…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesFrontotemporal Lobar Degenerations (FTLD){{c1::FTLD-TDP::What type of FTLD}}Contain TDP-43Present with either behavioral pro…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Parkinson's Disease}}Most common cause of Parkinsonism{{c2::Tremor}}{{c2::Rigidity}}{{c2::Bradykinesia}}Marked by a hy…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson's DiseaseMostly sporadic but may be due to genetic mutationsAutosomal dominant mutations involving SNCA that encod…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson's Disease{{c1::Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes}}Similar syndromes that are minimally responsive to treatment with …
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson's DiseaseAtypical Parkinsonian Syndromes{{c1::Progressive Supranuclear Palsy}}Progressive truncal rigidity, disequ…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson's DiseaseAtypical Parkinsonian Syndromes{{c1::Corticobasal Degeneration}}Extrapyramidal rigidity, asymmetric motor…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson's DiseaseAtypical Parkinsonian Syndromes{{c1::Multiple System Atrophy}}α synuclein inclusions in the cytoplasm of …
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Huntington's Disease}}Caused by degeneration of striatal neuronsManifests as progressive movement disorder (choreiform…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesHuntington's DiseaseTrinucleotide repeat expansion disease (HTT gene located on chromosome 4p16.3 produces {{c1::huntingtin}…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Spinocerebellar Degenerations}}Common feature of these diseases is neuronal loss and dysfunction in the cerebellum, sp…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesSpinocerebellar Degenerations{{c1::Spinocerebellar Ataxia}}Autosomal dominantPathogenic mutations:Polyglutamine diseases (SC…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesSpinocerebellar Degenerations{{c1::Friedreich Ataxia}}Autosomal recessiveProgressive ataxia, spasticity, weakness, sensory n…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesSpinocerebellar Degenerations{{c1::Ataxia Telangiectasia}}Autosomal recessiveAtaxic-dyskinetic syndrome beginning in early c…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative Diseases{{c1::Amyotrophical Lateral Sclerosis}}Most common form of motor neuron disease
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAmyotrophical Lateral SclerosisCommonly seen in the {{c1::5th}} decade{{c1::Male}} predilectionProgressive disorder in …
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAmyotrophical Lateral SclerosisMay be sporadic or familial (20%)Mutations in SOD1Mutations in {{c1::C9orf72}} - most common;…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAmyotrophical Lateral SclerosisHistologic Finding: {{c1::Bunina bodies}}PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusionsRemnants of autop…
Published	12/09/2024	Neurodegenerative DiseasesAmyotrophical Lateral SclerosisClinical terms depending on manifestations:{{c1::Progressive muscular atrophy}} - Lower motor…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Prion disease}}Clinical pattern: Rapidly progressive dementiaInclusions: Kuru plaquesD…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Alzheimer disease (AD)}}Clinical pattern: DementiaInclusions: Aß (plaques)tau (tangles…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Parkinson disease (PD)}}Clinical pattern: Hypokinetic movement disorderWith or without deme…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)}}Clinical pattern: ParkinsonismAbnormal eye movementsI…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)}}Clinical pattern: ParkinsonismAsymmetric movement disorder…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Multiple system atrophy (MSA)}}Clinical pattern: ParkinsonismCerebellar ataxiaAutonomic fai…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Huntington disease (HD)}}Clinical pattern: Hyperkinetic movement disorderInclusions: H…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA-I, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17 and DRPLA)}}Clinical pattern: Cerebellar ata…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)}}Clinical pattern: WeaknessUpper and lower motor neuron…
Published	12/09/2024	Features of the major neurodegenerative diseases{{c1::Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA)}}Clinical pattern: Lower motor neuron weaknessDiminis…
Published	12/09/2024	Relationship Between Proteins and Neurodegenerative DiseasesProtein: {{c1::Aß}}Disease/s with Inclusions: Alzheimer disease
Published	12/09/2024	Relationship Between Proteins and Neurodegenerative DiseasesProtein: {{c1::tau}}Disease/s with Inclusions: Alzheimer diseaseFrontotemporal l…
Published	12/09/2024	Relationship Between Proteins and Neurodegenerative DiseasesProtein: {{c1::TPD-43 and FUS}}Disease/s with Inclusions: Frontotemporal lobar d…
Published	12/09/2024	Relationship Between Proteins and Neurodegenerative DiseasesProtein: {{c1::α synuclein}}Disease/s with Inclusions: Parkinson diseaseMultiple…
Published	12/09/2024	Relationship Between Proteins and Neurodegenerative DiseasesProtein: {{c1::Polyglutamine aggregates (different protein in each disease)}}Disease/…
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