Notes in L11:How Poisons Poison

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Published	06/22/2023	Who was Henry Hickman?Experimented with animals by {{c1::sufficating them with carbon dioxide}} and amputating a part of them to see if they could fee…
Published	06/22/2023	Who was Horace Wells? Figured out {{c1::anaesthesia}} for dental pain and used chloroform. He would later go on to commit suicideHe watched his studen…
Published	06/22/2023	3. Who was James Young Simpson?He was an early pioneer in Anesthesia. HE demonstrated the properties of {{c1::chloroform}} on his friends and it chang…
Published	06/22/2023	What are Whippit Parties an abuse of? {{c1::Nitrous Oxide}} creating a hypoxic condition in the brain
Published	06/22/2023	What are Simple Asphyxiants?  Simple asphyxiants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, methane and propane when present in high con…
Published	06/22/2023	Simple Asphyxiants – Simply Displace Oxygen• Displace oxygen from {{c1::ambient atmosphere}}            • {{c2::…
Published	06/22/2023	Which Asphyxiants can be highly flammable and explosive?{{c1::Simple}} Asphyxiants
Published	06/22/2023	What is associated with Lake Nyos Cameroon? {{c1::CO2}} eruption from lake in Cameroon in 1986, killing 1700 people
Published	06/22/2023	What are Chemical Asphyxiants? • Interfere with {{c1::oxygen transport by hemoglobin }} • Interfere with oxygen use by {{c1::cytochrome-c o…
Published	06/22/2023	What Impairs O2 delivery and utilization?{{c1::Chemical}} Asphyxiants
Published	06/22/2023	What are two examples given that interfere with oxygen transport by hemoglobin?{{c1::Carbon Monoxide}} and {{c1::Methemoglobin-forming compounds}}
Published	06/22/2023	What are examples of substances given that interfere with oxygen delivery  by cytochrome-c oxidase? • {{c1::Cyanides & cyanogenic}} compou…
Published	06/22/2023	Carbon monoxide interferes with {{c1::oxygen transport by hemoglobin}} and Interferes with oxygen use by {{c1::cytochrome-c oxidase}}
Published	06/22/2023	What is a Carboxyhemoglobin? Carbon monoxide (CO) binds {{c1::competitively at oxygen (O2)}} binding sites CO impairs {{c1::O2 transport &a…
Published	06/22/2023	Carbon Monoxide Interferes With O2 Transport And Utilization: •The amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin (Hg) is determined by the {{c1::PO2 in a re…
Published	06/22/2023	How does Carbon Monoxide Treatment work? • Oxygen supplementation             • The half life of HgbCO breathing {{c2…
Published	06/22/2023	What is a form of Carbon Monoxide treatment that is controversial? • {{c1::Hyperbaric chamber}} to prevent delayed neurological sequeli - controver…
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Published	06/22/2023	What is Delayed Neurological Sequelae (DNS) from CO? • Postulated pathogenic mechanisms include: (1) {{c1::hypoxic-ischemic stress}} related to def…
Published	06/22/2023	Is Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) treatment a known effective way of interrupting events that lead to brain damage? It has been advocated as an effectiv…
Published	06/22/2023	These characteristics belong to patients at high risk of persistent neurological sequelae are those for whom hyperbaric oxygen may be considered:&…
Published	06/22/2023	The Professors take on "Hyperbaric Oxygen": (1) Any benefit from hyperbaric oxygen is likely greatest {{c1::early}} in the disease course, whi…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Hydrogen Sulfide?  • Potent {{c1::systemic asphyxiant}}                 • Due to {{c2::inhibit…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the Sulfhemoglobinemia Mechanism of Toxicity? The hydrosulfide ion irreversibly binds to ferrous iron, causing symptoms of sulfhemoglobin…
Published	06/22/2023	Cases of sulfhemoglobinemia have been reported from ingestions of {{c1::phenacetin, dapsone, and sulfonamides}}.
Published	06/22/2023	Sulfhemoglobinemia Mechanism of Toxicity: Specialized laboratory analyzers can differentiate between {{c1::methemoglobinemia}} and {{c1::sulfhe…
Published	06/22/2023	Cyanide and H2S Binds to Cytochrome-C Oxidase to Impair {{c1::Oxidative Metabolism }}
Published	06/22/2023	CN (Cyanide) Inactivates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation -> impairs {{c1::cellular respiration}} -> switch to {{c2::anaeorobic meta…
Published	06/22/2023	What is CN poisin treatment? {{c1::Hydroxycobalamin}} (Vitamin B12) + Cyanide = Cyanocobalamin (nontoxic -> eliminated in urine) OR {{c2…
Published	06/22/2023	Sulfhemoglobinemia Treatment:    • Unlike methemoglobinemia, which is reversible with a known antidote, methylene blue, sulfhemoglobinem…
Published	06/22/2023	What is the primary treatment for Cyanide poisoning?   {{c1::Hydroxycobalamin}} (Vitamin B12)
Published	06/22/2023	WHat is the most dangerous form of Inhalational Toxins? • {{c1::Halogenated}} –potent CNS, hepatic, and renal toxin, causes cancer (angiosacrcoma)&…
Published	06/22/2023	The below are examples of {{c1::Inhalational Toxins: Hydrocarbons}}: • Aliphatic (carbon chains) • Cyclic (aromatic, alicyclic) • Polycyclic arom…
Published	06/22/2023	What are industrial sources of Inhalational Toxins: hydrocarbons? • Industrial sources: {{c1::engine/motor fuel, solvents, gasoline, paint sprays&n…
Published	06/22/2023	Which Misc Toxins cause Neuropathy? • {{c1::Acrylamide}} (A) • {{c1::Methylbromide}} (A) • {{c1::Carbon disulfide}} (A) • {{c1::Styrene}} • {{c1::T…
Published	06/22/2023	What chemical is associated with Ginger Jake paralysis and is an unexpected result from prohibition? {{c1::Triortho cresyl phosphate (TOCP)}} place…
Published	06/22/2023	The NIke co-founder Bill Bowerman is know for what? Axonopathy from {{c1::n-hexane, MnBK}}.
Published	06/22/2023	What are Cardiotoxins? • Sudden sniffing death from {{c1::hydrocarbons}} ({{c2::halogenated}} especially) • Dysrhythmias (Torsades de Pointe) from…
Published	06/22/2023	An {{c1::electrocardiogram (ECG)}} is a rapid diagnostic tool frequently used for evaluation because of the predictable cardiotoxic effects from s…
Published	06/22/2023	The sodium potassium ATPase is effected by {{c1::cardiac glycosides}}, that affects your AV node, so you can get any arrhythmia except a fas…
Published	06/22/2023	ECG and Time Associated Action Potential Phases: •Phase 0 is a {{c1::rapid depolarization}} which results from sodium entering the cell. Sodium…
Published	06/22/2023	Above are examples of {{c1::Na Channel Blockers}} causing QRS widening
Published	06/22/2023	QRS Complex: •Phase 1 is the {{c1::initial repolarization (overshoot)}}. The voltage-sensitive sodium channels close and potassium ions efflux from…
Published	06/22/2023	Potassium channel blockers result in QT prolongation followed by torsade de pointe: {{c1::Inhalants,}} especially {{c1::halogenated hydrocarbon…
Published	06/22/2023	What is Phase 3 of the QRS complex? •Phase 3 is the repolarization phase which results from the {{c1::L- type calcium channels closing}} while the …
Published	06/22/2023	The examples highlighted/circled above are examples of {{c1::Common Potassium Channel Blockers}}
Published	06/22/2023	•{{c1::Phase 4}} is the resting membrane potential which is maintained by the Na-K-ATPase and maintains the negative membrane potential at ar…
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