Notes in 05 Antibiotics I, II

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	06/01/2024	Penicillins are what class of antibiotics?{{c1::β-lactams}}
Published	06/01/2024	Cephalosporins are what class of antibiotic?{{c1::β-lactam}}
Published	06/01/2024	Carbapenems are what class of antibiotics?{{c1::β-lactams}}
Published	06/01/2024	Monobactams such as Aztreonam are what class of antibiotics?{{c1::β-lactams}}
Published	06/01/2024	What bacterial enzyme hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring of certain penicillins and cephalosporins (β-lactam's), rendering them inactive? {{c1::β-lacta…
Published	06/01/2024	All β-lactam antibiotics are {{c1::bactericidal}}, as cell walls of bacteria are essential for growth and development
Published	06/01/2024	β-lactam antibiotics inhibit what family of enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis? {{c1::Penicillin binding protein transpeptidases}}
Published	06/01/2024	What gram staining group have porins in their wall?{{c1::Gram negative, and thus can downregulate porins in β-lactam resistance}}
Published	06/01/2024	Gram-{{c1::positive}} bacteria have a cell wall that is easily crossed by β-lactams and does not require presence of porins
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Penicillin-binding proteins}} are bacterial enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis that are the target site for β-lactam antibiotics
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Anti-staph penicillins}} are anti-bacterials that have {{c2::bulky R-groups}} that block access of β-lactam ring, making them {{c3::penicillinas…
Published	06/01/2024	Anti-staph penicillins have activity against what organism?{{c1::Staph aureus (except MRSA)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Spectrum of amoxicillin, ampicillin (aminopenicillins)?{{c1::Broad spectrum}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Ampicillin}} is an aminopenicillin that can be used to treat Enterococcus infection (E. faecalis, E. faecium)
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Cefazolin}} is a cephalosporin that can be used for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent S. aureus wound infections
Published	06/01/2024	What are the 1st generation cephalosporins that can be used to treat skin and soft tissue infections by Staph and Strep?{{c1::Cephalexin, Cefazol…
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::4th generation cephalosporins}} include {{c1::cefepime}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which generations of cephalosporins have the largest spectrum of activity?{{c1::4th (cefepime) and 5th (ceftaroline)::2}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::5th generation cephalosporins}} include {{c1::Ceftaroline}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Clindamycin}} is the drug of choice to treat aspiration pneumonia
Published	06/01/2024	β-lactams (e.g. penicillin, cephalosporins, etc.) work by halting {{c1::peptidoglycan}} synthesis via inhibition of {{c2::penicillin-binding proteins …
Published	06/01/2024	What is the treatment of primary, secondary and latent syphilis (Treponema pallidum)?{{c1::Benzathine penicillin G (intramuscular)::very specific}}
Published	06/01/2024	Resistance of penicillins comes from production of {{c1::β-lactamases}} that cleave the β-lactam ring, or changes to {{c1::penicillin binding proteins…
Published	06/01/2024	What 2 classes of penicillins can penetrate the porins of gram negative bacteria?{{c1::Aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin); Antipseudomonal pen…
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Clavulanic acid (clavulanate)}} is a suicide β-lactamase inhibitor that is combined with the aminopenicillin {{c1::amoxicillin}} (Augmentin) or …
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Sulbactam}} is an irreversible β-lactamase inhibitor that is combined with {{c1::ampicillin (an aminopenicillin)}} (Unasyn)
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Tazobactam}} is an irreversible β-lactamase inhibitor that is combined with {{c1::piperacillin (antipseudomonal penicillin)}} (Zosyn)
Published	06/01/2024	{{c3::1st}} generation cephalosporins include {{c1::cephalexin}} and {{c2::cefazolin}}
Published	06/01/2024	1st generation cephalosporins have activity mostly against gram-{{c1::positive}} organisms
Published	06/01/2024	2nd generation cephalosporins have the same coverage as {{c1::1st}} generation cephalosporins with extended gram-{{c1::negative}} coverage
Published	06/01/2024	{{c4::3rd generation cephalosporins}} include {{c1::ceftriaxone}}, {{c2::cefotaxime}}, {{c3::ceftazidime}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::3rd}} generation cephalosporins can be used to treat community and hospital acquired {{c2::pneumonia}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which 3rd generation cephalosporin can treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection?{{c1::Ceftazidime}}
Published	06/01/2024	What class of drugs does aztreonam belong to?{{c1::Monobactams}}
Published	06/01/2024	What type of bacteria do monobactams have activity towards?{{c1::Aerobic, gram (-) rods}}
Published	06/01/2024	Monobactams {{c1::can::can/cannot}} penetrate the CNS
Published	06/01/2024	Is there immunologic cross-reactivity between penicillin and monobactams?{{c1::No}}
Published	06/01/2024	Aztreonam can be used in patients with {{c1::penicillin}} allergies
Published	06/01/2024	What is the susceptibility of monobactams (aztreonam) to β-lactamases?{{c1::Resistant}}
Published	06/01/2024	What type of bacteria do carbapenems have activity towards?{{c1::Broad spectrum}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Carbapenems::Monobactams or Carbapenems}} are used to treat {{c2::ana}}-erobic infections
Published	06/01/2024	What class of β-lactam antibiotics are indicated in drug-resistant infections?{{c1::Carbapenems}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the susceptibility of Carbapenems to β-lactamases?{{c1::Resistant}}
Published	06/01/2024	What antibiotics are the drug of choice for Enterobacter?{{c1::Carbapenems}}
Published	06/01/2024	Vancomycin has activity against gram {{c1::positives}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic binds directly to the D-ala-D-ala sequence of bacterial cell walls?{{c1::Vancomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Vancomycin is bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the susceptibility of Vancomycin to β-lactamases?{{c1::Resistant (ineffective)}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the first line treatment of pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)?{{c1::Oral Vancomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which bug causes pseudomembranous colitis?{{c1::C. difficile}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic causes red man syndrome?{{c1::Vancomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Red man}} syndrome results from direct activation of {{c1::mast cells}} leading to {{c1::histamine}} release upon vancomycin administration
Published	06/01/2024	Red man syndrome is characterized by erythema, pruritus, and widespread {{c1::flushing}}
Published	06/01/2024	Red man syndrome is characterized by histamine release with possible {{c1::hypo}}-tension
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic can cause thrombophlebitis at the injection site?{{c1::Vancomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Vancomycin is known to be both {{c1::oto}}-toxic and {{c2::nephro}}-toxic
Published	06/01/2024	Vancomycin is a known cause of {{c1::DRESS}} syndrome, with eosinophilia and skin rash
Published	06/01/2024	What drug class includes tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline?{{c1::Tetracyclines}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c3::Tetracyclines}} bind the {{c1::30s subunit of ribosomes}}, preventing attachment of {{c2::aminoacyl-tRNA}}
Published	06/01/2024	Tetracyclines are bacterio-{{c1::static}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the first line treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)?{{c1::Doxycycline}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Tetracyclines (doxycycline)}} antibiotics accumulate intracellularly, making them effective against {{c2::Rickettsia}}, {{c3::Chlamydia}}, and {…
Published	06/01/2024	What adverse effect is associated with tetracycline use in children?{{c1::Teeth discoloration}}
Published	06/01/2024	Tetracyclines are associated with {{c1::GI}} side effects
Published	06/01/2024	Tetracyclines are associated with {{c1::photosensitivity::cutaneous complication}}
Published	06/01/2024	What suffix is associated with Macrolide antibiotics?{{c1::-thromycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolide (-thromycin) antibiotics are bacterio-{{c1::static}}
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolides bind the bacterial {{c3::23s rRNA}} of the {{c2::50s subunit}}, blocking amino-acyl transpeptidation and {{c1::translocation}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the drug of choice for whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)?{{c1::Macrolides (erythromycin)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolides can be used to treat {{c1::community-acquired pneumonia}} caused by S. pneumonia, H. influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Erythromycin}} is a macrolide antibiotic that can be used to treat diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic can bind GI motilin receptors, resulting in diarrhea?{{c1::Erythromycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolides (-thromycin) can cause {{c1::acute cholestatic hepatitis}}, resulting in jaundice
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolides (-thromycin) can prolong the {{c1::QT interval}}, predisposing to Torsades de pointes
Published	06/01/2024	What drug class includes clindamycin and lincomycin?{{c1::Lincosamides}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clindamycin is bacterio-{{c1::static}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clindamycin binds the {{c1::50S ribosomal subunit}} inhibiting {{c2::translocation}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the spectrum of activity for Clindamycin?{{c1::Gram positives; anaerobic infections above the diaphragm::2}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clindamycin is actively transported into {{c1::macrophages}} and can be used to treat {{c2::lung}} abscesses
Published	06/01/2024	Anaerobic infections above the diaphragm are treated with {{c1::clindamycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the most common adverse effect of Clindamycin?{{c1::Diarrhea}}
Published	06/01/2024	Aminoglycosides are known to be both {{c1::oto}}-toxic and {{c1::nephro}}-toxic
Published	06/01/2024	Aminoglycosides, their toxicities, and their coverage can be remembered by the mnemonic {{c1::Mean GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c6::Aminoglycosides}} can be remembered by the mnemonic GNATS:{{c1::Gentamicin}}{{c2::Neomycin}}{{c3::Amikacin}}{{c4::Tobramycin}}{{c5::Streptomycin…
Published	06/01/2024	{{c6::Aminoglycoside}} toxicities can be remembered by the mnemonic caNNOT:{{c1::Nephrotoxicity}}{{c2::Neuromuscular blockade}}{{c3::Ototoxicity}}{{c4…
Published	06/01/2024	Aminoglycosides are bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}
Published	06/01/2024	Aminoglycosides bind the {{c1::30S}} ribosomal subunit, irreversibly inhibiting formation of the {{c1::initiation complex}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the coverage of Aminoglycosides?{{c1::Gram negatives (aerobic)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Aminoglycosides are commonly paired with {{c1::β-lactams}} or {{c2::vancomycin}} to enhance their penetration of cells
Published	06/01/2024	What is the brand-name for TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)?{{c1::Bactrim}}
Published	06/01/2024	Carbapenems are associated with significant side effects, including {{c3::GI distress}}, {{c2::skin rash}}, and {{c1::seizures*}}
Published	06/01/2024	Aztreonam, a β-lactam based monobactam, prevents cross-linking by binding to {{c1::Penicillin-binding protein 3}}
Published	06/01/2024	While Aztreonam is usually nontoxic, patients can experience the occasional {{c1::GI upset}}
Published	06/01/2024	Vancomycin is only indicated for serious infections caused by Staph Aureus or Staph Epidermidis when they are resistant to {{c1::Penicillins}}
Published	06/01/2024	The following drugs are what class of antimicrobial?{{c1::β-Lactamase Inhibitors}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which group of modified penicillins is especially useful for Pseudomonas and Gram Negative Rods (ex. Bacteroides)?{{c1::Piperacillin, Ticarcillin}}
Published	06/01/2024	Besides Gram + organisms, Penicillin V/G are used to treat {{c1::Neisseria meningitidis::Gram Negative organism}} and {{c2::Treponema pallidum::Spiroc…
Published	06/01/2024	Non-gram + cocci coverage of 1st generation Cephalosporins can be remembered with the Mnemonic PEcK:- P{{c2::roteus mirabilis}}- E{{c3::scherchia coli…
Published	06/01/2024	Which generation of Cephalosporins are Cefaclor, Cefoxetin, Cefuroxime?{{c1::2nd Generation}}
Published	06/01/2024	All generations of Cephalosporins can be used for Gram-{{c1::positive cocci::stain and shape}}
Published	06/01/2024	Non-gram + cocci coverage of 2nd generation Cephalosporins includes 1st generation (PEcK) as well as HENS- H{{c1::aemophilus influenzae}}- E{{c2::nter…
Published	06/01/2024	3rd generation Cephalosporins are used for serious Gram-{{c1::negative}} infections resistant to other β-lactams
Published	06/01/2024	3rd generation cephalosporins are used for meningitis vs other generations of cephalosporins due to their ability to {{c1::cross the Blood Brain Barri…
Published	06/01/2024	A 3rd generation cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone) indicated for patients who have Lyme disease that is {{c1::disseminated}}
Published	06/01/2024	Clindamycin use can unintentionally cause an overgrowth of {{c1::Clostridioides difficile}}
Published	06/01/2024	What macrolide is used for Chlamydia (and thus for Chlamydia-Gonorrhea empirical therapy)?{{c1::Azithromycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::IM::ROA}} Ceftriaxone is the first line treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Published	06/01/2024	Macrolides adverse effects include a(n) {{c1::rash::skin finding}} and {{c2::eosinophilia::CBC abnormality}}
Published	06/01/2024	Penicillin G is given IV and IM, whereas Penicillin V is given {{c2::Orally}}
Published	06/01/2024	In most people, bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs can both be used. However, in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients, you should use {{c2:…
Published	06/01/2024	Penicillin is bactericidal and aminoglycosides are bactericidal. When combined, they interact {{c1::synergistically}}
Published	06/01/2024	Penicillin is bactericidal and tetracycline is bacteriostatic. When combined, they interact {{c1::antagonistically}}
Published	06/01/2024	The only two bacteria that are still susceptible to plain old penicillin G are {{c1::syphilis}} and {{c1::streptococcus}}
Published	06/01/2024	Daptomycin is an antibacterial that works by creating {{c1::transmembrane channels}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Trimethoprim (TMP)}} inhibits the enzyme {{c2::dihydrofolate reductase}} in {{c3::prokaryotes::eu/pro}} (pyrimidine synthesis)
Published	06/01/2024	Trimethoprim can produce what teratogenic defects?{{c1::Neural tube defects}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?{{c1::Broad spectrum}}
Published	06/01/2024	Daptomycin is bacterio{{c1::cidal}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the spectrum of activity for daptomycin?{{c1::Gram positives}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic inserts itself into the cell membrane, causing depolarization of the cell membrane?{{c1::Daptomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	What lipopeptide can be used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)?{{c1::Daptomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Daptomycin}} is a lipopeptide that can be used to treat {{c3::MRSA::pathogen}} bacteremia
Published	06/01/2024	Daptomycin can treat endocarditis caused by {{c1::Staph aureus}}
Published	06/01/2024	Can daptomycin be used to treat pneumonia?{{c1::No}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Daptomycin::Antibiotic}} is inactivated by {{c1::alveolar surfactant}} and thus cannot be used to treat pneumonia
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotic can present with myopathy and rhabdomyolysis?{{c1::Daptomycin}}
Published	06/01/2024	What enzyme levels should be monitored in a patient on daptomycin?{{c1::Creatine kinase (CK)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which enzyme is inhibited by trimethoprim (TMP)?{{c1::Dihydrofolate reductase (prokaryotic)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which enzyme is inhibited by sulfamethoxazole (SMX)?{{c1::Dihydropteroate synthase (prokaryotic)}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the first-line treatment of uncomplicated UTIs?{{c1::TMP-SMX}}
Published	06/01/2024	TMP-SMX has activity against gram {{c1::negative}} GI and urinary tract bacteria
Published	06/01/2024	Sulfamethoxazole has activity against gram {{c2::positives}}, even the highly resistant MRSA
Published	06/01/2024	Sulfonamides (e.g. sulfamethoxazole) have activity against the gram positive branching, filamentous rod {{c1::Nocardia}}
Published	06/01/2024	Hematological complications of trimethoprim (TMP) use include {{c1::pancytopenia (granulocytopenia, leukopenia)}} and {{c2::megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	06/01/2024	TMP-SMX is {{c1::teratogenic}} and should be avoided during pregnancy due to inhibition of folate metabolism
Published	06/01/2024	TMP-SMX is contraindicated in the {{c2::1st}} trimester (pregnancy), due to its effects on folate metabolism
Published	06/01/2024	What nephrotoxicity is caused by sulfonamides?{{c1::Acute interstitial nephritis}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which two enzymes are inhibited by fluoroquinolones?{{c1::DNA topoisomerase II (Prokaryotic DNA gyrase), DNA topoisomerase IV}}
Published	06/01/2024	What is the first-line treatment of complicated UTIs?{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	06/01/2024	What class of antibiotics are used in the empiric treatment of pyelonephritis?{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	06/01/2024	Fluoroquinolones can be used to treat gram negative {{c1::gastrointestinal}} and {{c2::urinary tract}} infections
Published	06/01/2024	What drugs are used to treat Salmonella gastroenteritis in high-risk patients?{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	06/01/2024	The fluoroquinolones {{c1::levofloxacin}} and {{c1::moxifloxacin}} can be used to treat Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus spp. (community-acquired…
Published	06/01/2024	The fluoroquinolones {{c1::levofloxacin}} and {{c1::moxifloxacin}} can be used to treat Mycoplasma and Legionella (atypical pneumonia)
Published	06/01/2024	What are the most common adverse effects of fluoroquinolones?{{c1::GI upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)}}
Published	06/01/2024	Which antibiotics can result in tendonitis, tendon rupture, and cartilage damage?{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}
Published	06/01/2024	Fluoroquinolones are teratogenic due to them causing {{c2::cartilage damage}} to the fetus
Published	06/01/2024	What is the treatment for a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by E. coli?{{c1::TMP-SMX}}
Published	06/01/2024	Polymyxin B, bacitracin, and neomycin are used as a triple antibiotic combination used to treat {{c1::superficial skin}} infections
Published	06/01/2024	Polymyxin B and E (colistin) are used as salvage therapy for multi drug resistant gram {{c1::negative}} infections
Published	06/01/2024	Polymyxins are severely toxic against the {{c1::CNS}}, {{c2::kidneys}}, and the lungs
Published	06/01/2024	Fluoroquinolone side effects (e.g. GI upset) are most likely mediated by {{c1::mitochondrial}} toxicity
Published	06/01/2024	Sulfonamides can cause {{c1::hypo}}thyroidism
Published	06/01/2024	Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter baumannii are treated with {{c1::polymixins B + E (colistin)}}
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Published	06/01/2024	Beta-lactams are bacteri{{c1::cidal}}
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Published	06/01/2024	A combination of {{c1::trimethoprim}} and {{c1::sulfamethoxazole}} produce synergistic effects due to sequential block of folate synthesis
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Trimethoprim::antibiotic}} works by inhibiting {{c1::dihydrofolate reductase}}
Published	06/01/2024	{{c2::Sulfamethoxazole::antibiotic}} works by inhibiting {{c1::dihydropteroate synthase}}
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Published	06/01/2024	{{c1::Polymixins}} work by destabilizing the {{c2::phospholipids}} and {{c2::LPS}} on gram {{c3::negative}} bacteria
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Published	06/01/2024	Bacteria in water, soil, and air can acquire {{c1::resistance}} following contact with resistant microorganisms
Published	06/01/2024	An issue with antibiotics is that resistance appears {{c1::quickly}}
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