Notes in PHAR212 Rabies

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Published	03/12/2024	The properties of the CNS, like the properties of ANS, are mediated by
Published	03/12/2024	Although neurotransmission in CNS parallels that in ANS, the CNS utilizes
Published	03/12/2024	The CNS consists of opposiing neurotransmitter systems
Published	03/12/2024	The two cell types in the CNS are
Published	03/12/2024	Glial cells
Published	03/12/2024	the three types of glial cells are
Published	03/12/2024	Astrocytes (supportive cells) are the most abundant glial cells and assist inregulating {{c1::extracellular ion concentrations (K+)}}{{c1::p…
Published	03/12/2024	Oligodendrocytes form the {{c1::myelin sheath}} around axons, playing a critical role in maintaining {{c1::transmission}} down the axon
Published	03/12/2024	{{c1::Single nucleotide polymorphism}} (SNP) in the genes encoding several myelin proteins have been identified in tissues from patients with bot…
Published	03/12/2024	{{c1::Microglia}} (the smallest glial cells) {{c2::proliferate after injury or degeneration, move to sites of injury, and transform into lar…
Published	03/12/2024	Microglia are also {{c1::antigen presenting cells}} (APC) with innate immune function also appear to play a role in {{c1::endocrine dev…
Published	03/12/2024	{{c1::Neurons}} are the major cells involved in intercellular communication because of their ability to {{c1::conduct impulses and transmit …
Published	03/12/2024	{{c1::ACh}} and {{c1::norepinephrine (NE)}}, predominant in the ANS, also function in CNS {{c2::Dopamine and 5-HT (serotonin)}} - more promi…
Published	03/12/2024	Transduction mechanisms for NT action are similar to those in the ANS:{{c3::Ionotropic}} types include {{c1::voltage-gated ion cha…
Published	03/12/2024	Drugs affect various sites along neuronal pathways, including (4):  {{c1::Neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and release; Receptor activation …
Published	03/12/2024	Neurotransmission diseases fall into two categories: Those caused by “{{c1::too much neurotransmission}}” and those caused by “{{c1::too little neuro…
Published	03/12/2024	Too much neurotranmission may be due to: {{c1::Hyperexcitable neurons}} that fire in the {{c1::absence}} of appropriate stimuli (e.g., seizu…
Published	03/12/2024	"Too little" neurotransmission may be due to:{{c1::Too few neurotransmitter molecules binding to postsynaptic receptors}} (e.g., depression, Parkinson…
Published	03/12/2024	CNS Drugs and Side EffectsBecause numerous pathways in brain use the {{c1::same neurotransmitter}}, manipulating transmission in a diseased pathw…
Published	03/12/2024	NT's in the CNSGlutamate (+){{c1::Reticular activating system(reticular formation and thalamus)}}GABA (-){{c1::hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, h…
Published	03/12/2024	GABA uses
Published	03/12/2024	Glutamate uses
Published	03/12/2024	Glycine uses
Published	03/12/2024	Peptides like endogenous opioid neuropeptides (i.e. endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins) or substance P use
Published	03/12/2024	acetylcholine uses
Published	03/12/2024	purines use
Published	03/12/2024	aromatic amines (monoamines) like dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin use
Published	03/12/2024	Aromatic amines (1)Originates mostly in {{c1::locus coeruleus}} and innervate almost all regions of CNSSynthesized from {{c1::tyro…
Published	03/12/2024	NE in the brainThe action of NE in CNS is not as well defined as in ANSA leading hypothesis suggests {{c1::depression}} is caused by {{c1::impair…
Published	03/12/2024	Aromatic amines (monoamines) dopamine in the human brain (1)Main DA projections are {{c1::ventral tegmental, substantia nigra, and hypothalamus.}…
Published	03/12/2024	Dopamine in BrainAntipsychotic drugs {{c1::inhibit}} dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase by {{c1::blocking}} some of dopamine receptors.Th…
Published	03/12/2024	Aromatic amines serotonin in the brain{{c1::5-HT}} is released from inhibitory neurons originating in the {{c1::raphe nuclei of the pons and…
Published	03/12/2024	Serotonin in Brain (2)The hallucinogenic drug, {{c1::lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)}}, is a potent {{c1::agonist}} at both receptor subtypes.In…
Published	03/12/2024	AcetylcholineMore dominant in {{c1::ANS}}ACh is the ﬁrst substance to be designated as a NT in the {{c1::CNS}}. Located in many areas of the brai…
Published	03/12/2024	GABA in the normal human brainMain inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS. Stored in {{c1::presynaptic vesicles}} and upon release interacts wit…
Published	03/12/2024	GABA in the Brain (2)The GABAA receptor is a heteromer composed of {{c1::five}} subunits, most commonly {{c1::two α's, two β's and one γ (α2…
Published	03/12/2024	Glutamate in the normal brainMain glutamate projections include the {{c1::reticular formation of the brainstem and part of the thalamus.}}Glutama…
Published	03/12/2024	Glutamate pathways in the normal brain (2)Stimulation of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors {{c1::increases cation conductance, leading to dep…
Published	03/12/2024	GlycineGlycine is an {{c1::inhibitory}} neurotransmitter released by {{c1::brainstem (nerve endings in the spinal cord).}}Stimulation of gly…
Published	03/12/2024	Peptides: endogeneous opiod neuropeptidesThese peptides inhibit the transmission of {{c1::pain}} signals and the sensation of {{c1::pain}}. They …
Published	03/12/2024	Peptides: substance PSubstance P (neurokinin-1) is a small peptide that is abundant both in the {{c1::periphery}} and in the {{c1::CNS}} and…
Published	03/12/2024	PurinesATP is {{c1::co-stored and co-released}} with {{c2::acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.}}ATP is {{c2::converted to adenosine…
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