Notes in Physio lecture 1 - cell signaling

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Published	01/28/2024	cell signaling
Published	01/28/2024	contact dependent cell signaling requires {{c1::direct membrane - membrane contact}}1. the signaling cell has a {{c2::membrane bound signal …
Published	01/28/2024	Paracrine cell signaling what it is: {{c1::local mediators are released into extracellular space and act on nearby cells}} steps1. {{c1::Signaling cel…
Published	01/28/2024	synaptic cell signalingwhat it is: {{c1::a neuron transmits signals on axons → release NTs at synapses far from cell body signaling cell – presyn…
Published	01/28/2024	Endocrine cell signaling Signaling cell – {{c1::endocrine cell}}ligand – {{c2::hormone (extracellular molecule)}} steps1. {{c1::Endocrine cell secrete…
Published	01/28/2024	Basic elements of cell signaling pathways Ligand - what: {{c1::extracellular signal molecule released from signaling cell by exocytosis}} - example: {…
Published	01/28/2024	Ligand gated ion channels- also known as {{c1::ionotropic}} receptors - what it is: {{c2::ion flow across plasma membrane regulated by ligand binding}…
Published	01/28/2024	G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) - also called {{c1::metabotropic}} receptors - Largest family of cell surface receptors ({{c1::800}} proteins) - 7 …
Published	01/28/2024	GPCRs- they are {{c1::GTP binding proteins}} - Large {{c2::heterotrimeric}} proteins bound to {{c1::plasma membrane}} - {{c1::3}} subunits (α,β,γ) - α…
Published	01/28/2024	Epinephrine (Gs) steps1. Epi binds to GPCR coupled to Gα,β,γ → {{c1::conformational change}} 2. {{c2::GEF}} → GDP becomes GTP → {{c1::Gs activated}} →…
Published	01/28/2024	Small ({{c1::monomeric}}) GTP-binding proteins (Ex – {{c1::Ras, Rac, Rho}}) - Switched “on” by binding to GTP → active - Accessory proteins that bind …
Published	01/28/2024	G proteins that interact with other intercellular mediators (calcium) 1. {{c1::Epi binds to GPCR in smooth muscle plasma membrane}} 2. {{c4::Conformat…
Published	01/28/2024	Receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs) receptor - tyrosine kinase: {{c1::receptor that is also a kinase (phosphorylation)}} - function: {{c1::regula…
Published	01/28/2024	Activation of RTK 1. {{c1::Exist as monomer in resting state}} 2. {{c2::Ligand binds 2 monomers}} 3. {{c3::Ligand induced dimerization (partially acti…
Published	01/28/2024	Function of P-tyr (phosphate groups) on RTK 1. {{c1::Fully activate RTK}} 2. {{c2::Allow for binding of proteins that have either SH2 or PTB domain}} …
Published	01/28/2024	Adaptor protein Grb2 - {{c1::SH2 domain}} to bind to {{c2::RTK Ptyr}} - {{c1::SH3 domain}} to bind to {{c2::Sos}} - Sos binds to RAS which gets bound …
Published	01/28/2024	Docking protein IRS (insulin receptor substrate) 1. Insulin binds to RTK → {{c2::dimerization}} → {{c1::transautophosphorylation}} 2. IRS has {{c1::PT…
Published	01/28/2024	Transcription factors - {{c1::STAT}} family transcription factor has {{c2::SH2}} to bind to {{c1::ptyr}}- Active STAT dimer {{c2::enters nucleus}} → a…
Published	01/28/2024	Signaling enzymes - {{c1::Shp2}}, {{c2::PI3K}}, {{c3::PI-PLC gamma}} bind to ptyr of RTK/ docking protein - Kinases, other signaling proteins, phospho…
Published	01/28/2024	MAPK pathway (growth inducing signaling pathway) - Every participant in this pathway is an {{c1::oncogene}} 1) Ligand = {{c1::growth factor}} → bind a…
Published	01/28/2024	Insulin receptor has many pathways downstream of it. list some.
Published	01/28/2024	Nuclear receptor- function as {{c1::ligand-regulated transcription factors}} - receptors typically in the {{c2::cytoplasm}} - Ligands – {{c2::signal m…
Published	01/28/2024	Difference between water and lipid soluble hormones - endocrine cells = {{c2::signaling cells that make and send a message (hormones) to target cell}}…
Published	01/28/2024	Tamoxifen – {{c1::hormone dependent breast cancer treatment}} - {{c2::Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)}} because {{c3::in some tissues it …
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