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Notes in
L15 - Biochemical Buffers and pH Regulation
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Published
11/02/2024
The best buffering range for a conjugate pair is {{c1::pK +/- 1 pH unit}}
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11/02/2024
Arterial plasma pHAcceptable range for health is {{c1::7.35 - 7.45}}Range consistent with life is {{c1::6.8 - 7.8}}
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Why is CO2 considered an acid?
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How is bicarbonate formed in the blood?
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What is the pK of the bicarbonate buffer system?
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How does a buffer with a pK of 6.1 act as an effective buffer at pH 7.4?
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Why can the bicarbonate buffer system buffer additions of acid much better than additions of base?
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How is CO2 transported to the lungs?
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How exactly is CO2 converted to bicarbonate in tissues?
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What happens inside RBCs when CO2 is exhaled in the lungs?
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Does the body ever over-compensate for acidosis or alkalosis?
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How fast do buffers, lungs, and kidneys regulate the body's pH?
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Serum EBAL is also known as the {{c1::anion gap}}
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What is the equation for calculating Serum EBAL?
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A high {{c1::anion gap}} is typical of {{c2::metabolic acidosis}}
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In metabolic acidosis, you can expect bicarbonate to be {{c1::low}} (along with CO2). In respiratory acidosis, you can expect CO2 to be {{c1::high}} (…
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In respiratory alkalosis, you can expect CO2 (and bicarbonate) to be {{c1::low}}
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{{c1::Metabolic alkalosis}} is the rarest of the pH imbalances
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How does the blood pH reflect compensation?
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What does kidney excrete ? acid/base? Loss of function will lead to what?
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{{c1::higher}} Ka = {{c1::lower}} pKa = stronger acid{{c1::lower}} Ka = {{c1::higher}} pKa = weaker acid (more basic)
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the Henderson-Hasselbach equation demonstrates the relationship b/w {{c1::pH}} and {{c1::concentration of a weak acid and its conjugate base}}
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maximum buffering capacity occurs where {{c1::pH = pKa}}
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acetate buffer resists a change in pH from {{c1::3.8-5.8}} w/maximum buffering capacity at pH {{c1::4.8}}
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most enzymes are within the physiological pH range (7.35-7.45) with exception of {{c1::digestive enzymes (1.5-3.5)}} and {{c1::acid hydrolase enzymes …
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to restore bicarbonate buffer equilibrium: increased CO2 = {{c1::→}} shiftincreased [H+] = {{c1::←}} shift
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CO2 from aerobic metabolismDietary (acidic fruits)Amino acids and fatty acidsCitric acid cycle intermediatesLactic acid from anaerobic glycolysisKetoa…
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[HCO3-] is {{c1::20x}} greater than [CO2]
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more [HCO3-] will {{c1::increase}} the pH and more [CO2] will {{c1::decrease}} pH
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{{c1::hypo}}ventilation causes respiratory acidosis (pCO2 > 45 mmHg){{c1::hyper}}ventilation causes respiratory alkalosis (pCO2 < 35 mmHg)
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what are the 3 ways the body responds to pH imbalances?{{c1::chemical buffersrespiratory system (lungs)renal system (kidneys)}}
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The kidney can regulate normal pH by eliminating or retaining {{c1::H+}} or {{c1::HCO3-}} ions as needed to maintain the appropriate balance
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respiratory acidosis is when pH{{c1::<7.35}} due to high {{c1::pCO2}} caused by {{c1::hypoventilation}} that causes a right shift to produce more H…
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respiratory acidosis can be caused by (4):{{c1::lung diseasediseases affecting nerves and muscles of the chestphysical traumadrugs that slow respirati…
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respiratory alkalosis is when pH{{c1::>7.45}} due to low {{c1::pCO2}} caused by {{c1::hyperventilation}} that causes a left shift to reduce HCO3- p…
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respiratory alkalosis can be caused by (3):{{c1::fear/anxiety/painhypoxiaventilator issues (mechanical)}}
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metabolic acidosis is when pH{{c1::<7.35}} due to low {{c1::HCO3-}} caused by {{c1::increased acid production}} or {{c1::decreased HCO3- levels}}
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metabolic acidosis can be caused by (3):{{c1::excessive acid intake (aspirin - salicyclic acid)excess production of metabolic acids (diabetic ketoacid…
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metabolic alkalosis is when pH{{c1::>7.45}} due to high {{c1::HCO3-}} caused by a {{c1::decrease or loss of metabolic acids}} or {{c1::increase in …
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metabolic alkalosis can be caused by (3):{{c1::vomitingloss of H+ through kidneysexcessive base intake (antacids - bicarbonate)}}
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in response to acidosis the kidneys can:Increase elimination of {{c1::H+}} ions in the urineIncrease reabsorption and production of {{c1::bicarbo…
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in response to alkalosis the kidneys can:Increase elimination of {{c1::bicarbonate ions}} in the urine Increase reabsorption of {{c1::H+}} ions
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pH of urine is {{c1::4.8-8}}
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Compensation states for pH imbalances1. {{c1::Uncompensated}} – pH level is abnormal along with abnormal pCO2 or HCO3- values depending upon if respir…
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at pH 7.35 the pCO2 is {{c1::45}} and the HCO3- is {{c1::22}}
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at pH 7.45 the pCO2 is {{c1::35::#}} and the HCO3- is {{c1::26::#}}
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If pCO2 is consistent with the pH imbalance (i.e., pH {{c1::<7.35}} and {{c1::pCO2 above ref. range}}), then it is a primary {{c1::respiratory}} im…
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11/02/2024
If HCO3- is consistent with the pH imbalance (i.e., pH {{c1::<7.35}} and HCO3- {{c1::below the ref. range}}), then it is a primary {{c1::metabolic …
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ROME mnemonic:{{c1::Respiratory OppositeMetabolicEqual}}
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in a respiratory issue:if pH {{c1::increases}}, pCO2 and HCO3- will {{c1::decrease}} and vice versa
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in a metabolic issue:if pH {{c1::increases}}, HCO3- and pCO2 will {{c1::increase}} and vice versa
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