Notes in Alcohol

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/30/2024	sample {{c1::alcohol}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Alcohol}}, {{c2::aspirin}}, and {{c3::phenytoin}} follow {{c4::0}}-order kinetics
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol has a molecular structure similar to {{c1::water}} allowing it to distribute to all aqeuous spaces
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::90}}% of alcohol is oxidized by the {{c2::liver}} and {{c1::10}}% is excreted via the {{c2::lungs}} and {{c2::urine}}
Published	09/30/2024	In {{c1::first}}-order kinetics, {{c3::metabolism}} of a drug {{c2::increases}} with {{c3::concentration}}
Published	09/30/2024	In {{c1::zero}}-order kinetics, a {{c2::constant}} amount of drug is metabolized per unit time
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Ethanol}} is converted to {{c2::acetaldehyde}} via {{c3::alcohol dehydrogenase}}, using {{c4::NAD+}} as a cofactor
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Acetaldehyde}} is converted to {{c2::acetate}} via {{c3::aldehyde dehydrogenase}}, using {{c4::NAD+}} as a cofactor
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Disulfiram}} is a drug that inhibits {{c2::aldehyde dehydrogenase}}, resulting in accumulation of {{c3::acetaldehyde}} and shitty hangover sympt…
Published	09/30/2024	Excess {{c1::NADH}} in the liver results in {{c3::increased}} {{c2::de novo lipogenesis}} and {{c3::decreased}} {{c2::gluconeogenesis}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Fomepizole}} is a drug that inhibits {{c2::alcohol dehydrogenase::enzyme}} to prevent conversion of {{c3::methanol}} to {{c3::formaldehyde}}
Published	09/30/2024	Drugs that cause Disulfiram-like reactions1. {{c1::Sulfonylureas}}2. {{c2::Procarbazine}}3. {{c3::Cephalosporin}}4. {{c4::Griseofulvin}}5. {{c5::Metro…
Published	09/30/2024	Acetaminophen at less than {{c2::4}}g/day is primarily metabolized via {{c1::conjugation}} or {{c1::glucoronidation}}
Published	09/30/2024	Acetominophen beyond {{c1::4}} g/day is metabolized by {{c2::cytochrome P450 2E1}} into a toxic metabolite
Published	09/30/2024	Ethanol is an {{c1::inducer}} of CYP450 2E1 and will {{c1::induce}} metabolism of acetominophen into the {{c2::toxic metabolite}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Acetylcysteine}} restores {{c2::glutathione}} in order to continue reducing ROS
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol {{c1::increases}} {{c2::inhibitory}} pathways and {{c1::decreases}} {{c2::excitatory}} pathways
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol allosterically {{c1::potentiates}} the function of {{c2::GABA (inhibitory)}} pathways and has additive effects with {{c3::benzodiazepines}} an…
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol {{c1::inhibits}} {{c2::NMDA (excitatory)}} pathways, which are {{c3::highly}} sensitive to its effects
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol causes {{c1::depression}} of myocardial contractility and {{c2::remodeling}} of cardiomyocytes
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol causes {{c1::vasodilation}} of smooth muscle and {{c2::depression}} of the {{c3::vasomotor}} center
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol-induced {{c1::vasodilation}} results in {{c2::hypo}}-thermia in cold environments
Published	09/30/2024	Treatment of acute alcohol intoxication includes {{c1::dextrose}}, {{c2::electrolyte solutions}}, {{c3::magnesium}}, and vitamins {{c4::B1 and B9}}
Published	09/30/2024	Possible mechanisms of EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity include production of {{c1::acetaldehyde}}-protein adducts that induce {{c2::collagen}} production …
Published	09/30/2024	Possible mechanisms of EtOH-induced hepatotoxicity includes {{c1::increased}} ratio of {{c2::NADH to NAD+}}, resulting in {{c3::TG synthesis}}, {{c4::…
Published	09/30/2024	Chronic alcohol use results in {{c1::neuro}}-toxicity via {{c2::atrophy}}, {{c3::demyelination}}, and {{c4::nutritional deficiency}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Fetal alcohol}} syndrome is the leading cause of {{c2::intellectual disability}} in Western societies
Published	09/30/2024	Permanent effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome include underdevelopment of {{c1::midfacial}} region, {{c3::microcephaly}}, {{c2::intellectual disability}…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Physical dependence}} is the need for continued drug exposure to avoid {{c2::withdrawal}} symptoms
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Tolerance}} is a {{c2::reduced}} effect upon repeated exposure to a constant drug effect, or the need for an {{c2::increased}} dose to maintain …
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Psychological}} dependence is the compulsive desire to use a drug despite adverse consequences
Published	09/30/2024	Can psychological dependence on a drug exist without physical dependence and tolerance?{{c1::YES}}
Published	09/30/2024	Long-term ethanol exposure results in increases in {{c1::number}} and {{c1::activity}} of enzymes that metabolize it
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Opposing neuroadaptation}} is the concept that wherever alcohol causes {{c2::acute}} changes, there are {{c2::chronic}} neurological adaptations…
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH acutely {{c1::increases}} GABA-mediated Cl- influx and chronically {{c2::decreases}} GABA binding/affinity
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH acutely {{c1::increases}} {{c2::intra}}-cellular Ca2+ concentration and {{c1::decreases}} Ca2+ influx
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH chronically {{c1::decreases}} Ca2+ uptake and {{c2::increases}} dihydropyridine binding
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH acutely {{c1::decreases}} NMDA channel activity and chronically {{c1::increases}} number of the NMDA receptors
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH acutely {{c1::increases}} and chronically {{c1::decreases}} concentration of cAMP
Published	09/30/2024	EtOH acutely {{c1::decreases}} concentration of IP3 and DAG
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Acamprosate::drug}} is an NMDA {{c2::antagonist (or modulator)}} used to reduce alcohol cravings
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Methanol}} is converted to {{c2::formaldehyde}} via {{c3::alcohol dehydrogenase}}
Published	09/30/2024	Ingestion of methanol results in conversion to formaldehyde and then {{c1::formic acid}}, which causes severe {{c2::acidosis}} and {{c2::retinal}} dam…
Published	09/30/2024	Alcohol dehydrogenase converts {{c1::ethylene glycol}} to {{c2::oxalic acid}}, which causes {{c3::acid}}-osis and {{c4::nephro}}-toxicity
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Ethylene glycol}} is found in {{c2::antifreeze}} and tastes {{c3::sweet}}
Published	09/30/2024	Treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning is {{c1::Fomepizole}}
Published	09/30/2024	Which drug (not Fomepizole) is used for treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning?{{c1::Ethanol}}
Published	09/30/2024	Which drug class is used for acute ethanol withdrawal?{{c1::Benzodiazepines}}
Published	09/30/2024	What vitamin is administered in treatment of acute ethanol withdrawal to prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?{{c1::Thiamine (vitamin B1)}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Naltrexone}} is a nonselective antagonist of {{c2::opioid}} receptors used to reduce risk of {{c3::relapse}} in chronic alcoholism
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Acamprosate}} is a(n) {{c2::NMDA}} receptor {{c3::antagonist}} and {{c2::GABAA}} receptor {{c3::agonist}} used to reduce risk of {{c4::relapse}}…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Disulfiram}} {{c2::inhibits}} {{c3::aldehyde dehydrogenase}} to deter people from drinking alcohol
Status	Last Update	Fields