Notes in Week 3

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Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4967:top=.0087:width=.0928:height=.054:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4967:top=.0836:width=.0902:height=.0523…
Published	09/19/2024	When the elbow is flexed, the {{c1::ulnar and radial collateral::2}} ligaments hold the joint together.
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c1::annular ligament}} is found around {{c2::the head of the radius}}
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c1::radial collateral ligament}} is found attached to {{c2::the radius and ulna}} on the {{c2::lateral}} side of the forearm
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c1::ulnar collateral ligament}} is found attached to {{c2::the radius and ulna}} on the {{c2::medial}} side of the forearm
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c1::Valgus angle}} is normal angulation of the trochlea during supination
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.004:top=.0819:width=.2407:height=.0261:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.006:top=.1289:width=.2289:height=.0296:…
Published	09/19/2024	The radius will always be on the {{c1::thumb}}-side of the arm
Published	09/19/2024	The ulna will always be on the {{c1::pinky}}-side of the arm
Published	09/19/2024	The arm muscles are contained in tough sheets of fascia named the {{c1::anterior compartment}} and {{c1::posterior compartment}}
Published	09/19/2024	The anterior and posterior compartments of the arm are interrupted by a {{c1::neurovascular bundle}} in the middle of the arm
Published	09/19/2024	Coracobrachialis Attatches: {{c1::Corocoid process}} Inserts: {{c1::Humerus (near deltoid tubercle)}} Innervated by: {{c1::Musculocutaneous n.}} Actio…
Published	09/19/2024	Biceps Brachii (short head) Attatches: {{c1::Corocoid process}} Inserts: {{c1::Radial tuberosity}} Innervated by: {{c1::Musculocutaneous n.}} Action: …
Published	09/19/2024	Biceps Brachii (long head) Attatches: {{c1::Supraglenoid tubercle}} Inserts: {{c1::Radial tuberosity}} Innervated by: {{c1::Musculocutaneous n.}} Acti…
Published	09/19/2024	Brachialis Attatches: {{c1::Shaft of humerus}} Inserts: {{c1::Ulnar tuberosity}} Innervated by: {{c1::Musculocutaneous n.}} Action: {{c2::Elbow flexio…
Published	09/19/2024	Triceps Brachii (long head) Attatches: {{c1::Infraglenoid tubercle}} Inserts: {{c1::Olecranon process of ulna}} Innervated by: {{c1::Radial n.}} Actio…
Published	09/19/2024	Triceps Brachii (lateral & medial heads) Attatches: {{c1::Shaft of the humerus}} Inserts: {{c1::Olecranon process of ulna}} Innervated by: {{c1::R…
Published	09/19/2024	Anconeus Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle of the humerus}} Inserts: {{c1::Olecranon process of ulna}} Innervated by: {{c1::Radial n.}} Action: {{c2…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Medial metacarpal V}} Innervated by: {{c1::Posterior interosseous n.}} Act…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Digitorum Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Phalanges II-V}} Innervated by: {{c1::Posterior interosseous n.}} Action: {{c2…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Digiti Minimi Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Extensor expansion of pinky (digit V)}} Innervated by: {{c1::Posterior int…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0066:top=.0087:width=.3253:height=.0335:oi=1}}{{c5::image-occlusion:rect:left=.011:top=.2978:width=.167:height=.031:o…
Published	09/19/2024	The borders of the cubital fossa:Superior: {{c1::Imaginary line between epicondyles}}Medial: {{c1::Pronator teres m.}}Lateral: {{c1::Brachioradialis m…
Published	09/19/2024	The cubital fossa contains: {{c1::Biceps tendon, brachial artery, & median nerve}}
Published	09/19/2024	The primary differences between a written SOAP note and oral presentation are that {{c1::oral presentations are a short, verbal summary of a patient's…
Published	09/19/2024	The first sentence of your oral presentation should include:{{c1::Name}}{{c1::Gender}}{{c1::Age}}{{c1::Ongoing (pertinent) medical issues}}{{c1::CC}}
Published	09/19/2024	General order of a good oral presentation:{{c1::Summary statement}}{{c1::History assoc. symptoms, (+) findings then (-) findings}}{{c1::Important…
Published	09/19/2024	To listen to {{c1::S1, S2, lung sounds::example}} and other {{c1::HIGH}} pitched sounds use {{c2::firm}} pressure
Published	09/19/2024	To listen to {{c1::S3, S4::example}} and other {{c1::LOW}} pitched sounds use {{c2::light}} pressure
Published	09/19/2024	Stethoscope {{c1::firm}} pressure = {{c2::high pitched}} = {{c3::diaphragm}}
Published	09/19/2024	Stethoscope {{c1::light}} pressure = {{c2::low pitched}} = {{c3::bell}}
Published	09/19/2024	Where do you auscultate for heart sounds?
Published	09/19/2024	What valve does each heart sound represent?
Published	09/19/2024	Where do you auscultate for lung sounds?
Published	09/19/2024	What order should the lungs be auscultated?
Published	09/19/2024	When taking blood pressure the patient should be positioned:{{c1::Sitting with feet flat on the floor}}{{c1::Arm supported at heart level}}{{c1::No cl…
Published	09/19/2024	How to check for the max inflation of a BP cuff:{{c1::Choose correct cuff size}}{{c1::Place cuff 2-3 in above cubit (elbow)}}{{c1::Palpate radial a.}}…
Published	09/19/2024	How to check manual BP:{{c1::Choose correct cuff size}}{{c1::Place cuff 2-3 in above cubit (elbow)}}{{c1::Find brachial pulse with stethoscope}}{{c1::…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4365:top=.2857:width=.091:height=.0364:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6545:top=.308:width=.0962:height=.0445:…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0067:top=.3957:width=.1967:height=.0624:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0617:top=.1451:width=.255:height=.0815…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.025:top=.8225:width=.1782:height=.1483:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1353:top=.1479:width=.1487:height=.152:…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5228:top=.0279:width=.2925:height=.0314:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5249:top=.0819:width=.4117:height=.066…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5237:top=.047:width=.1833:height=.047:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5205:top=.115:width=.442:height=.0557:oi…
Published	09/19/2024	Wrist {{c1::extensors::extensors/flexors}} are on the {{c2::posterior::anterior/posterior}} forearm
Published	09/19/2024	Wrist {{c1::flexors::extensors/flexors}} are on the {{c2::anterior::anterior/posterior}} forearm
Published	09/19/2024	Brachioradialis Attatches: {{c1::Lateral supracondylar ridge}} Inserts: {{c1::Distal radius}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep radial n.}} Act…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Attatches: {{c1::Lateral supracondylar ridge}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpals II-III}} Innervated by: {{c1::…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpals II-III}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep radi…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Indicis Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Extensor expansions digit II}} Innervated by: {{c1::Posterior …
Published	09/19/2024	Abductor Pollicis Longus Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpal of the thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::Posteri…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Pollicis Longus Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Distal phalanx of the thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::Pos…
Published	09/19/2024	Extensor Pollicis Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx of the thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::P…
Published	09/19/2024	Supinator Attatches: {{c1::Lateral epicondyle & proximal ulna::2}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal radius}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep radia…
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Pollicis Longus Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Distal phalanx of thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::Anterior …
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Digitorum Profundus Attatches: {{c1::Interosseous membrane}} Inserts: {{c1::Distal phalanges II-V}} Innervated by: {{c1::Anterio…
Published	09/19/2024	Pronator Quadratus Attatches: {{c1::Ulna}} Inserts: {{c1::Radius}} Innervated by: {{c1::Anterior interosseous n.}} Action: {{c2::F…
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Attatches: {{c1::Medial epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Phalanges II-V}} Innervated by: {{c1::Median n.}} Ac…
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Carpi Radialis Attatches: {{c1::Medial epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpal II-III}} Innervated by: {{c1::Median n.}} Action:&…
Published	09/19/2024	Pronator Teres Attatches: {{c1::Medial epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Radius}} Innervated by: {{c1::Median n.}} Action: {{c2::Forearm…
Published	09/19/2024	Palmaris Longus Attatches: {{c1::Medial epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Palmar apopneurosis}} Innervated by: {{c1::Median n.}} Action:&nbsp…
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Attatches: {{c1::Medial epicondyle}} Inserts: {{c1::Pinky (digit V)}} Innervated by: {{c1::Median n.}} Action:&nbs…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0085:top=.4428:width=.1196:height=.066:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1809:top=.2992:width=.1227:height=.0621…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3688:top=.4263:width=.0978:height=.0394:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5179:top=.4243:width=.1071:height=.045…
Published	09/19/2024	The anterior and posterior pinky & half of the ring finger are innervated by {{c1::the ulnar nerve}}
Published	09/19/2024	The anterior (palm) hand and posterior fingertips of digits I-III are innervated by the {{c1::median nerve}}
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c2::posterior phalanges I-III (except for the fingertips)}} are innervated by the {{c1::radial nerve}}
Published	09/19/2024	Thenar muscles of the hand include {{c1::abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis::3}}
Published	09/19/2024	Abductor Pollicis Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Trapezium}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx of the thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::Motor recurre…
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Pollicis Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Trapezium}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx of thumb}} Innervated by: {{c1::Motor recurrent n.}…
Published	09/19/2024	Opponens Pollicis Attatches: {{c1::Trapezium}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpal I}} Innervated by: {{c1::Motor recurrent n.}} Action: {{c…
Published	09/19/2024	Opponens Digiti Minimi Attatches: {{c1::Hamate hook}} Inserts: {{c1::Metacarpal V}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep branch of ulnar n.}} Acti…
Published	09/19/2024	Abductor Digiti Minimi Attatches: {{c1::Pisiform}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx DV}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep branch of ulnar n.}} …
Published	09/19/2024	Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Hamate hook}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx DV}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep branch of uln…
Published	09/19/2024	Adductor Pollicis Attatches: {{c1::Capitate, metacarpal II/III::2}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanx DI}} Innervated by: {{c1::Deep bran…
Published	09/19/2024	Palmaris Brevis Attatches: {{c1::Flexor retinaculum}} Inserts: {{c1::Medial palm}} Innervated by: {{c1::Superficial branch of ulnar n.}…
Published	09/19/2024	Dorsal Interosseous (4 mm.) Attatches: {{c1::Space between metacarpals}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanges DII-IV}} Innervated by: {{c1…
Published	09/19/2024	Palmar Interosseous (3-4 mm.) Attatches: {{c1::Metacarpals II, IV, V}} Inserts: {{c1::Proximal phalanges DII, IV, V}} Innervated by: {{…
Published	09/19/2024	Lumbricals I-II Attatches: {{c1::Flexor digitorum profundus tendons}} Inserts: {{c1::Lateral extensor expansions DII-III}} Innervated by:&nb…
Published	09/19/2024	Lumbricals III-IV Attatches: {{c1::Flexor digitorum profundus tendons}} Inserts: {{c1::Lateral extensor expansions DIV-V}} Innervated by:&nb…
Published	09/19/2024	Steps for an exam with an opthalmoscope:{{c1::Use same hand as the eye you're looking with}}{{c1::Stand with hand braced on patient's shoulder}}{{c1::…
Published	09/19/2024	Steps for an otoscope ear exam:{{c1::Pull pinna of the ear gently up, out, and backwards}}{{c1::Put scope in eardrum}}{{c1::Bring your eye to the scop…
Published	09/19/2024	The otoscope should be used in this order: {{c1::ear, nose, (remove tip), throat}}
Published	09/19/2024	You grade reflexes using a 0-4 scale.{{c1::4}} being {{c2::abnormally large}} response, {{c1::2}} {{c3::average}} response, and {{c1::0}} {{c4::no}} r…
Published	09/19/2024	To test a reflex the extremity should be {{c1::relaxed}} and the hammer strike should be {{c1::brisk}}
Published	09/19/2024	Testable lower extremity reflexes:{{c2::Achilles}}: {{c1::S1-2, sciatic n.::spinal level, nerve}}{{c2::Patellar}}: {{c1::L3-4, femoral n.::spinal leve…
Published	09/19/2024	What 10 spots are tested with the monofilament?
Published	09/19/2024	If you suspect hearing loss you should perform tests in this order:{{c1::Whisper test: {{c2::stand behind pt and whisper 3 letters and 3 numbers for t…
Published	09/19/2024	The {{c2::gravitational line}} is {{c1::4 landmarks that should be in vertical alignment at baseline}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.0364:top=.5958:fill=rgb(0,0,0):text=Gravitational Line:scale=.8514:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0798:top=.0…
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8168:top=.2649:width=.0531:height=.0089:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7683:top=.3954:width=.0561:height=.010…
Published	09/19/2024	Testable upper extremity reflexes:{{c2::Biceps}}: {{c1::C5-6, musculocutaneous n.::spinal level, nerve}}{{c2::Brachioradialis}}: {{c1::C5-6, radial n.…
Published	09/19/2024	Isomers of metabolic molecules are important because {{c1::they can change the chemical properties of a molecule and its interactions in the body}}
Published	09/19/2024	There are 3 important types of isomers: {{c1::enantiomers, diastereomers, and anomers}}
Published	09/19/2024	An enantiomer is {{c1::2 molecules that are mirror images of each other}}
Published	09/19/2024	Diastereomers are molecules that {{c1::have the same chemical formula, but different spatial arrangements}}
Published	09/19/2024	Anomers are {{c1::2 cyclic molecules that differ in structure at the carbon that was originally double bonded to the oxygen in an open chain molecule}…
Published	09/19/2024	Maltose is a disaccharide created by the following bonding configuration:{{c1::D-glucose::monosaccharide}} + {{c1::alpha 1-4::bond}} + {{c1::D-gl…
Published	09/19/2024	Lactose is a disaccharide created by the following bonding configuration:{{c1::D-galactose::monosaccharide}} + {{c1::beta 1-4::bond}} + {{c1::D-g…
Published	09/19/2024	Sucrose is a disaccharide created by the following bonding configuration:{{c1::D-glucose::monosaccharide}} + {{c1::alpha 1-2::bond}} + {{c1:…
Published	09/19/2024	A glycosidic bond is found in disaccharides, {{c1::resulting from a dehydration reaction between 2 monosaccharide molecules::what is it?}}
Published	09/19/2024	A glycosidic bond is named with {{c2::numbers}} to {{c1::identify the participating carbons}} and {{c2::alpha or beta}} to {{c1::describe the ori…
Published	09/19/2024	A glycosidic bond is named alpha or beta depending on {{c1::the orientation of the anomeric carbon (which supplies the oxygen) par…
Published	09/19/2024	An alpha molecule has an -OH group {{c1::below::above/below}} the plane of the ring, this makes its glycosidic bonds {{c2::more flexible & digesti…
Published	09/19/2024	A beta molecule has an -OH group {{c1::above::above/below}} the plane of the ring, this makes its glycosidic bonds {{c2::rigid & indigestible…
Published	09/19/2024	Isomaltose is a disaccharide created by the following bonding configuration:{{c1::D-glucose::monosaccharide}} + {{c1::alpha 1-6::bond}} + {{…
Published	09/19/2024	Polysaccharides are {{c1::long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds}} and are helpful for {{c1::energy storage}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 1 transporters are in most tissue, but primarily found in {{c1::blood (RBCs), fetal tissue, & blood brain barrier}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 2 transporters are primarily found in the {{c1::liver, pancreatic beta cells, small intestine, & kidneys}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 3 transporters are primarily found in the {{c1::placenta & neurons}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 4 transporters are primarily found in {{c1::fat, heart & skeletal muscle}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 4 transporters {{c1::facilitate glucose uptake in response to insulin::action}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 3 transporters {{c1::high affinity glucose uptake for constant glucose requirement::action}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 2 transporters {{c1::regulate and detect blood glucose levels, facilitate release and uptake in liver/kidneys::action}}
Published	09/19/2024	GLUT 1 transporters {{c1::constant low level glucose uptake for cellular respiration::action}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glucose for glycolysis while exercising comes from {{c1::glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glucose for glycolysis in the fed state comes from {{c1::digestion & absorption of dietary carbs}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glucose for glycolysis during fasting or starvation comes from {{c1::glycogenolysis then gluconeogenesis}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glucokinase and hexokinase are both used {{c1::in glycolysis to add a phosphate group to glucose}} (this is irreversible)
Published	09/19/2024	Glucokinase is primarily found in {{c1::the liver & pancreas}}, has a {{c1::high}} Km and a {{c1::high}} Vmax .
Published	09/19/2024	Glucokinase has a high Km which means a {{c1::low}} affinity for glucose.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Glucokinase}} is primarily used to {{c2::accumulate glucose-6P for glycogenesis}}.
Published	09/19/2024	Hexokinase is primarily found in {{c1::all tissues}}, has a {{c1::low}} Km and a {{c1::low}} Vmax .
Published	09/19/2024	Hexokinase has a low Km which means a {{c1::high}} affinity for glucose.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Hexokinase}} is primarily used to {{c2::retain basal levels of glucose-6P for glycolysis & ATP production}}.
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Glucokinase}} is affected by insulin and {{c1::hexokinase}} can be allosterically regulated
Published	09/19/2024	The most important reaction of glycolysis is {{c1::the conversion of glucose 6-P to fructose 6-P}} by {{c1::PFK-1::enzyme}}
Published	09/19/2024	The 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis are catalyzed by the following enzymes (in order):{{c1::Hexo/Glucokinase}}{{c1::Phosphofructokinase-1}}{{c1::Py…
Published	09/19/2024	Glycolysis is allosterically regulated by {{c1::feedback inhibition & feed-forward stimulation::2 mechanisms}}
Published	09/19/2024	The liver has more mechanisms to regulate glycolysis in order to {{c1::maintain homeostasis & efficiency}}
Published	09/19/2024	In aerobic glycolysis the products are {{c1::2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH}}
Published	09/19/2024	In anaerobic glycolysis the products are {{c1::2 lactate & 2 ATP}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c2::Pyruvate kinase deficiency}} is an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to {{c1::decreased ATP production & impaired RBC membrane stabili…
Published	09/19/2024	Glycogen branching {{c1::increases solubility and provides multiple sites for adding/removing glucose molecules::purpose}}
Published	09/19/2024	Alpha {{c1::1,4::#}} linkage in glycogen creates a {{c2::linear}} chain
Published	09/19/2024	Alpha {{c1::1,6::#}} linkage in glycogen creates a {{c2::branching}} chain
Published	09/19/2024	Glycogen reducing ends have a {{c1::free aldehyde group}}, this is the site where {{c1::branching begins}}
Published	09/19/2024	Non reducing ends of glycogen are where {{c1::glucose can be added or removed}}
Published	09/19/2024	In order for glucose to be added to the glycogen chain it has to be activated by the enzyme {{c1::UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::UDP glucose}} is added to the non-reducing end of glycogen chains by the enzyme {{c2::glycogen synthase}}
Published	09/19/2024	Branching enzymes are used to {{c1::transfer segments of glycogen into different positions on the molecule and create new non-reducing ends}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glycogen phosphorylase removes {{c1::glucose units from glycogen::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Debranching enzyme {{c1::removes glycogen branches::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Insulin activates glycogen {{c1::synthase::enzyme}} and inactivates glycogen {{c1::phosphorylase::enzyme}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glucagon activates glycogen {{c1::phosphorylase::enzyme}} and inactivates glycogen {{c1::synthase::enzyme}}
Published	09/19/2024	In metabolism coenzymes are used to {{c1::assist essential reactions, generally as electron carriers or carriers for functional groups}}
Published	09/19/2024	The citric acid cycle is primarily used to {{c1::create electron carriers for the ETC}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B3}} is also called {{c2::niacin}} or {{c2::nicotinic acid}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Niacin}} is the biological precursor for {{c2::NAD+}} & {{c2::NADP+}}
Published	09/19/2024	Vitamin B3 ({{c1::Niacin::aka...}}) can be synthesized from {{c2::tryptophan}}
Published	09/19/2024	Alcoholism can lead to {{c1::niacin}} or {{c1::riboflavin}} deficiency
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Riboflavin}} is the biological precursor for {{c2::FAD}} & {{c2::FMN}}
Published	09/19/2024	Riboflavin deficiency leads to {{c1::dermatitis, cracked lips, sores around the mouth, and magenta tongue}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B2}} is also called {{c2::riboflavin}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B1}} is also called {{c2::thiamine}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B5}} is also called {{c2::pantothenic acid}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Thiamine}} is the biological precursor for {{c2::Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex}} & {{c2::Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Pantothenic acid}} is the biological component of {{c2::CoA}}
Published	09/19/2024	Deficiency of {{c2::pantothenic acid}} can lead to {{c1::burning feet syndrome}}
Published	09/19/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase has 5 subunits, {{c1::3 catalytic & 2 regulatory::types}}
Published	09/19/2024	PDH subunits require individual coenzymes:{{c1::Pyruvate dehydrogenase}} (E1) uses {{c2::thiamine pyrophophate (TPP)}}
Published	09/19/2024	PDH subunits require individual coenzymes:{{c1::E2}} uses {{c2::lipoic acid & CoA}}
Published	09/19/2024	PDH subunits require individual coenzymes:{{c1::E3}} uses {{c2::FAD & NAD+}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c2::PDH deficiency}} can cause {{c1::lactic acidosis}} and {{c1::neurological deficets }}. It's really rare, but causes severe complications
Published	09/19/2024	PDH is allosterically regulated by {{c1::acetyl CoA}} and {{c1::NADH}}
Published	09/19/2024	PDH is {{c2::inactivated}} by {{c1::PDH Kinase}} and {{c2::activated}} by {{c1::PDH Phosphotase}}
Published	09/19/2024	TCA is both {{c1::catabolic}} (breaks down) & {{c1::anabolic}} (builds up)
Published	09/19/2024	TCA catabolic reactions break down {{c1::acetyl CoA}} to {{c1::produce energy}}
Published	09/19/2024	TCA anabolic reactions create intermediates {{c1::that exit the cycle to be used in other pathways}}
Published	09/19/2024	One full TCA "turn" will create {{c1::3 NADH}}, {{c1::1 FADH2}}, {{c1::1 GTP}}, & {{c1::2 CO2}}, all of it adds up to around {{c2::10-12}} ATP
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Citrate synthase}} catalyzes the 1st reaction of the TCA, it's inhibited by {{c1::citrate & ATP}}
Published	09/19/2024	Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by {{c1::ADP & calcium}} and inhibited by {{c1::ATP & NADH }}
Published	09/19/2024	α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is activated by {{c1::calcium}} and inhibited by {{c1::succinyl CoA & NADH}}
Published	09/19/2024	Succinate dehydrogenase is activated by {{c1::its substrate (succinate)}} and inhibited by {{c1::its product (fumarate)}}
Published	09/19/2024	Molecules produced in TCA cycle are used as {{c1::energy carriers in the ETC}} and intermediates are used for {{c1::amino acid synthesis, fatty a…
Published	09/19/2024	Anaplerotic reactions in the TCA {{c1::replenish intermediates to make sure there are always enough::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Water intake is generally from {{c1::ingestion}}, but can also {{c1::be produced during metabolic reactions}}
Published	09/19/2024	Water leaves the body through {{c1::respiration}}, {{c1::sweat}}, {{c1::urine}}, and {{c1::feces}}
Published	09/19/2024	Simple diffusion is when a molecule {{c1::moves from high to low concentration without energy required}}
Published	09/19/2024	Facilitated diffusion is when {{c1::molecules move from high to low concentration with the help of a protein or channel}}
Published	09/19/2024	Primary active transport moves a solute {{c1::from low to high concentration and directly uses ATP}}
Published	09/19/2024	Secondary active transport moves a solute {{c1::from high to low concentration using the energy from a primary transporter}}
Published	09/19/2024	In cell transport, carriers are {{c1::membrane proteins that bind to a specific molecule and carry it inside the cell}}.
Published	09/19/2024	In cell transport, channels are {{c1::membrane proteins that open or close a passageway into the cell}}
Published	09/19/2024	P Type active transporters {{c1::transfer a phosphate group from ATP to create energy::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	V Type active transporters {{c1::pump protons into organelles::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	F Type active transporters {{c1::use a proton gradient to create ATP::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	ABC Type active transporters {{c1::hydrolyze ATP to move a given substance::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	NA/K ATPase is categorized as a {{c1::P-ATPase antiporter}} because {{c2::both solutes move against their gradient using ATP::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	SERCA is categorized as a {{c1::P-ATPase uniporter}} because {{c2::it pumps calcium from the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	SERCA stands for {{c1::Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase}}
Published	09/19/2024	Fick's first law says that {{c1::substances will move from high to low concentration & will move faster if the difference is larger}}
Published	09/19/2024	Fick's second law says that {{c1::the rate of diffusion of a substance is affected by the change in concentration gradient}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Sodium}} ion concentrationIntracellular: {{c2::10-15 mM}}Extracellular: {{c2::135-145 mM}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Potassium}} ion concentrationIntracellular: {{c2::120-150 mM}}Extracellular: {{c2::3.5-5 mM}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Bicarbonate}} ion concentrationIntracellular: {{c2::10-20 mM}}Extracellular: {{c2::24-28 mM}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Chloride}} ion concentrationIntracellular: {{c2::~20 mM}}Extracellular: {{c2::95-115 mM}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Calcium}} ion concentrationIntracellular: {{c2::0.1 microM}}Extracellular: {{c2::1.2 mM}}
Published	09/19/2024	Moles {{c1::use a chemical identity to quantify a substance::definition}}, but osmoles {{c1::define how a substance dissociates and affects osmotic pr…
Published	09/19/2024	Osmosis is specifically the {{c1::diffusion of water down its concentration gradient to equilibrate solute concentrations}}
Published	09/19/2024	Penetrating solutes like {{c1::O2, urea, & ethanol}} can {{c2::readily cross the cell membrane}}
Status	Last Update	Fields