Notes in Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Parameters

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Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::Cardiac Output (CO)}} = {{c1::Heart Rate (HR)}} * {{c1::Stroke Volume}}
Published	09/20/2023	The non-simplifed blood pressure equation
Published	09/20/2023	Explain how the blood pressure law is analogous to Ohm's Law
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Arteries}} carry blood away from the heart and have a {{c1::higher}} pressure due to {{c1::low}} compliance
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Veins}} carry blood towards the heart and have a {{c1::lower}} pressure due to {{c1::high}} compliance
Published	09/20/2023	Three structural layers of a vessel
Published	09/20/2023	Purpose of initma layer
Published	09/20/2023	Purpose of media layer of vessel
Published	09/20/2023	Purpose of the adventitia layer
Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::Stroke Volume}} = {{c1::Left Ventricle End Diastolic Volume}} - {{c1::Left Ventricle End Systolic Volume}}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::Ejection Fraction}} = {{c1::Stroke Volume}} / {{c1::Left Ventricle End Diastolic Volume}}
Published	09/20/2023	Stroke volume (definition)
Published	09/20/2023	Ejection fraction (definition)
Published	09/20/2023	General types of cardio tests
Published	09/20/2023	In hemostasis, {{c2::endothelial factors}} cause {{c1::vasoconstriction}} of vessels -> {{c1::decreased}} blood flow
Published	09/20/2023	In {{c2::hypertension}}, {{c1::increased}} resistance in vessels -> {{c1::calcification}} of vessels -> {{c1::decreased}} compliance
Published	09/20/2023	Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Published	09/20/2023	Pathway of a signal through the autonomic nervous system
Published	09/20/2023	Some {{c1::preganglionic}} fibers passing and continuing through the sympathetic chain via the {{c2::splanchnic nerves,}} synapse at 3 ganglia: {{c3::…
Published	09/20/2023	The {{c2::preganglionic axons}} of the PNS arise from cranial nerves {{c1::3, 7, 9, 10,}} and pelvic splanchnic nerves {{c1::S2, S3, S4}}.
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Cranial nerve 10}} is called the vagus nerve.
Published	09/20/2023	In {{c1::SNS}}, pre-ganglionic neurons are {{c2::short}} and post-ganglionic neurons are {{c3::long}}.
Published	09/20/2023	In {{c1::PNS}}, pre-ganglionic neurons are {{c2::long}} and post-ganglionic neurons are {{c3::short}}.
Published	09/20/2023	In the SNS, preganglionic neurons mainly release {{c1::acetylcholine}} which binds to {{c1::nicotinic receptors}} on the post-ganglionic neuron
Published	09/20/2023	In the SNS, post-ganglionic neurons mainly release {{c1::catecholamines}} which binds to {{c2::adrenergic receptors}} on the target organ
Published	09/20/2023	Direct-acting agonists (definition and examples)
Published	09/20/2023	Indirect-acting agonist (definition and examples)
Published	09/20/2023	Peripheral adrenergic antagonist (definition and examples)
Published	09/20/2023	Central adrenergic antagonists (definition and examples)
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Muscarinic antagonists}} inhibit effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors
Published	09/20/2023	Function of direct cholinomimetics
Published	09/20/2023	Function of indirect cholinomimetic
Published	09/20/2023	Atropine MOA
Published	09/20/2023	Treatment of organophosphate poisoning
Published	09/20/2023	Why can patients become tachycardic post treatment for asthma?
Published	09/20/2023	Treatment for vasovagal syncope
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Published	09/20/2023	Shock (broad definition)
Published	09/20/2023	What is MVO2?
Published	09/20/2023	Hypovolemic shock presents with {{c1::low}} BP, {{c1::low}} MVO2, and is characterized as a {{c1::cold}} shock
Published	09/20/2023	Cardiogenic shock presents with {{c1::low}} BP, {{c1::low}} MVO2, and is also characterized as a {{c1::cold}} shock
Published	09/20/2023	Obstructive shock presents with {{c1::low}} BP, {{c1::low}} MVO2, and is again also characterized as a {{c1::cold}} shock
Published	09/20/2023	Distributive shock presents with {{c1::low}} BP, {{c1::high}} MVO2, and is characterized as a {{c1::warm}} shock
Published	09/20/2023	Explain a low MVO2 value and how it happens.
Published	09/20/2023	Explain a high MVO2 level, and how it happens.
Published	09/20/2023	General treatment for hypovolemic shock
Published	09/20/2023	General treatment for cardiogenic shock
Published	09/20/2023	General treatment for obstructive shock
Published	09/20/2023	General treamtents for distributive shock
Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::DO2}} = {{c1::CO}} * {{c1::CaO2}}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::CaO2}} = 1.34{{c1::[Hb]SpO2}} + 0.003*{{c1::PaO2}}
Published	09/20/2023	Vitamin K Dependent Clotting Factors
Published	09/20/2023	Vitamin K Dependent Anticoagulants
Published	09/20/2023	{{c2::Intrinsic pathway}} is initiated by contact with {{c1::activated platelets}} or {{c1::exposed collagen }}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Factor VIII}} degrades rapidly when not bound to {{c2::von Willebrand factor (vWF)}}
Published	09/20/2023	Intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade (steps)
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Extrinsic pathway}} is activated through {{c2::tissue factor (TF) release}} by endothelial cells after external damage.
Published	09/20/2023	Extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade (steps)
Published	09/20/2023	The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on the formation of {{c1::Factor Xa}} from {{c1::Factor X}}
Published	09/20/2023	Factor Xa formation is potentiated by {{c1::Factor IXa and VIIIa}} via {{c2::intrinsic pathway}}
Published	09/20/2023	Factor Xa formation is potentiated by {{c1::FactorVIIa-TF complex}} via {{c2::extrinsic pathway}}
Published	09/20/2023	Thrombin activates factors {{c1::V, VIII, and XIII}}
Published	09/20/2023	Common pathway of coagulation cascade (steps)
Published	09/20/2023	Excess thrombin binds to {{c1::thrombomodulin}} -> complexes with Proteins {{c1::C and S}} -> inhibits Factors {{c1::V and XIII}}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Antithrombin}} binds and inactivates Factors {{c2::VII, IX, XI, X, and XII}},  potentiated by {{c3::heparin}}
Published	09/20/2023	Clot retraction process
Published	09/20/2023	Plasminogen is converted into plasmin via {{c1::tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)}}
Published	09/20/2023	Plasminogen is released in large amounts by {{c1::damaged endothelium}} and is regulated by {{c2::plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs)}} and {{c2::…
Published	09/20/2023	Warfarin MOA
Published	09/20/2023	Heparin MOA
Published	09/20/2023	Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) MOA
Published	09/20/2023	Direct Thrombin Inhibitors (MOA)
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::TXA}} and {{c1::aminocaproic acid}} inhibit the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and can be used in extreme hemorrhage situations.
Published	09/20/2023	Steps of primary hemostasis
Published	09/20/2023	Endothelial injury stage of primary hemostasis
Published	09/20/2023	Exposure stage of primary hemostasis
Published	09/20/2023	Activation stage of primary hemostasis
Published	09/20/2023	Aggregation stage of primary hemostasis
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