Notes in AnKing Overhaul for Step 1 & 2 MSK AUC

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/10/2024	What color colonies do lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on MacConkey agar?{{c1::Pink}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Rubella}}, Toxoplasma, and {{c2::CMV}} are 3 ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a "blueberry muffin" rash
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}} is a gram-negative nosocomial bacterial infection that has respiratory therapy equipment as a risk factor
Published	03/10/2024	The major criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever are the {{c2::J♥NES}} criteria
Published	03/10/2024	Histamine increases {{c1::vascular permeability}}, which is responsible for urticaria/hives (H1 receptor activation)
Published	03/10/2024	What organism is responsible for recurrent pulmonary infections in an adult cystic fibrosis patient? {{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}
Published	03/10/2024	Dormant HSV-1 virus may be reactivated by {{c1::stress}} and sunlight, leading to an episode of oral herpes
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Hairy}} leukoplakia is a white, rough patch that arises on the {{c1::lateral}} tongue
Published	03/10/2024	What connective tissue disease is associated with esophageal dysmotility? {{c1::Scleroderma}}
Published	03/10/2024	Sclerodermal esophageal dysmotility is characterized by {{c1::low}} LES pressure on esophageal manometry
Published	03/10/2024	The low LES pressure in scleroderma predisposes to {{c1::acid reflux}} and dysphagia
Published	03/10/2024	What is the function of group A Strep (GAS) M-protein?{{c1::Antiphagocytic, inhibits activation of complement::2}}
Published	03/10/2024	What group A Strep (GAS) virulence factor can be given to patients with clots?{{c1::Streptokinase}}
Published	03/10/2024	Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what gram-positive species?{{c1::S. pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	03/10/2024	Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin?{{c1::Erythrogenic exotoxin A, B and C (SPE)::Specific}}
Published	03/10/2024	What clinical syndrome is associated with "beefy-red tongue" concurrent with pharyngitis?{{c1::Scarlet fever}}
Published	03/10/2024	Toxic shock like syndrome is caused by what organism?{{c1::S. pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Erysipelas}} is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by group A Strep (GAS), and presents with a well-defined dema…
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Cellulitis::What skin pathology}} is characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by {{c1::S. aureus or S.…
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Necrotizing fasciitis}} is caused by group A Strep (GAS) and enters through trauma openings causing infection and ultimately necrotic skin with …
Published	03/10/2024	What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts with myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?{{c1::M protein}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)}} is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with hematuria (cola-colored…
Published	03/10/2024	GAS erythrogenic toxin genes are encoded in a {{c1::lysogenic::lytic or lysogenic}} phage through specialized transduction
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcus aureus shows what kind of hemolysis pattern?{{c1::β-hemolytic}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}} is the only Staphylococcus organism that is coagulase {{c2::positive}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which bacteria turns bright yellow on mannitol salt agar?{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcus aureus will turn {{c1::mannitol}} agar bright yellow
Published	03/10/2024	Which S. aureus toxin nonspecifically binds MHC-II (on APCs) and the T-cell receptor producing cytokine storm and toxic shock?{{c1::TSST-1 superantige…
Published	03/10/2024	Scalded skin syndrome is caused by {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus::which organism?}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Protein A}} is a virulence factor of {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	What is the mechanism and function of Protein A?{{c1::Binds Fc region of IgG, preventing opsonization and ultimately phagocytosis}}
Published	03/10/2024	S. aureus pneumonia most commonly occurs following {{c1::Influenza infection}} (post-{{c1::viral}})
Published	03/10/2024	Which bug is the most common cause of skin abscesses?{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which coagulase-positive organism is associated with furuncles and carbuncles?{{c1::Staph aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which bug is the most common cause of osteomyelitis? {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	MRSA obtains methicillin resistance by altering {{c1::penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)}}
Published	03/10/2024	What is the treatment for methicillin-sensitive Staph aureus infections (MSSA)?{{c1::Nafcillin}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::VanA}} gene from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus to S. aureus is an example of {{c1::transposition}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which autoimmune disease is characterized by sclerosis of skin and visceral organs? {{c1::Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)}}
Published	03/10/2024	What demographic is associated with scleroderma? {{c1::Middle-aged females (30-50 years)::Age, sex}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which autoimmune disease classically presents with puffy, taut skin without wrinkles? {{c1::Scleroderma}}
Published	03/10/2024	Scleroderma may present with fingertip {{c1::pitting}}
Published	03/10/2024	Scleroderma is characterized by {{c1::fibroblast}} activation with resultant {{c2::collagen}} deposition
Published	03/10/2024	Limited scleroderma is characterized by limited skin involvement confined to {{c1::fingers}} and {{c1::face}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Limited scleroderma}} is also referred to as "CREST syndrome": {{c1::Calcinosis cutis::C}} (and {{c1::anti-Centromere::C}} Abs){{c1::Raynaud phe…
Published	03/10/2024	Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-centromere antibody? {{c1::Limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome)}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Diffuse}} scleroderma is characterized by widespread skin involvement with early visceral involvement
Published	03/10/2024	Diffuse scleroderma is associated with {{c1::anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I)}} and {{c1::anti-RNA polymerase III}} antibodies
Published	03/10/2024	What enzyme is targeted by anti-Scl-70 antibodies? {{c1::DNA topoisomerase I}}
Published	03/10/2024	Sclerosis of what organ is the most common cause of death in scleroderma? {{c1::Lungs}}
Published	03/10/2024	Mixed connective tissue disease has features of {{c1::SLE}}, {{c2::scleroderma}}, rheumatoid arthritis, and/or {{c3::polymyositis}}
Published	03/10/2024	What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis (90%)? {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}
Published	03/10/2024	The layers of the {{c1::epidermis}} from surface to base can be remembered with the mnemonic "Come Let's Get Sun Burnt":1. Stratum {{c1::Corneum::C}} …
Published	03/10/2024	Which layer of the epidermis is the regenerative (stem cell) layer? {{c1::Stratum basale}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by desmosomes between keratinocytes? {{c1::Stratum spinosum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by granules in keratinocytes? {{c1::Stratum granulosum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by keratin in anucleate cells? {{c1::Stratum corneum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which skin layers contain nerve endings, blood vessels, lymphatics, and adnexal structures (e.g. hair follicles, glands)? {{c1::Dermis and hypodermis:…
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a flat lesion < 1 cm; well-circumscribed change in skin color? {{c1::Macule}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a macule > 1 cm?{{c1::Patch}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is an elevated solid skin lesion <1 cm?{{c1::Papule}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a papule > 1 cm?{{c1::Plaque}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a small fluid-containing blister < 1 cm?{{c1::Vesicle}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a large fluid-containing blister > 1 cm?{{c1::Bulla}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a vesicle containing pus?{{c1::Pustule}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a transient smooth papule or plaque?{{c1::Wheal}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a flaking off of stratum corneum?{{c1::Scale}}
Published	03/10/2024	What dermatologic lesion is a dry exudate?{{c1::Crust}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Hyperkeratosis}} is defined as increased thickness of the stratum {{c1::corneum}} (e.g. psoriasis, calluses)
Published	03/10/2024	Which skin layer is thickened with callus formation? {{c1::Stratum corneum}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Parakeratosis}} is defined as hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum (e.g. psoriasis)
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Hypergranulosis}} is defined as increased thickness of the stratum {{c1::granulosum}} (e.g. lichen planus)
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Spongiosis}} is defined as epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Acantholysis}} is defined as separation of epidermal cells (e.g. Pemphigus vulgaris)
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Acanthosis}} is defined as epidermal hyperplasia (increased spinosum)
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Atopic}} dermatitis presents with an intensely pruritic, oozing rash with vesicles and edema due to a type {{c2::I}} HSR
Published	03/10/2024	Atopic dermatitis (eczematous) usually appears on the extensor surfaces and {{c1::face}} in infancy
Published	03/10/2024	Atopic dermatitis (eczematous) often manifests as lichenification on {{c1::flexor}} surfaces in children and adults
Published	03/10/2024	Atopic dermatitis (eczematous) is associated with increased serum Ig{{c1::E}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Allergic contact}} dermatitis presents with a pruritic, oozing rash with vesicles and edema due to a type {{c2::IV}} HSR
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Allergic contact}} dermatitis arises upon exposure to allergens (e.g. nickel, poison ivy, neomycin)
Published	03/10/2024	Treatment of contact dermatitis involves removal of the offending agent and topical {{c1::glucocorticoids}} if needed
Published	03/10/2024	Treatment of acne vulgaris may include vitamin {{c1::A}} derivatives, which reduces hyperkeratinization and sebum production
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}} is characterized by well-circumscribed, salmon-colored plaques with silverly scale
Published	03/10/2024	Psoriasis typically presents on {{c1::extensor::flexor/extensor}} surfaces and the scalp
Published	03/10/2024	Psoriasis is associated with nail {{c1::pitting}} and psoriatic arthritis
Published	03/10/2024	Psoriasis is due to excessive {{c1::keratinocyte::cell type}} proliferation
Published	03/10/2024	What HLA subtype is associated with psoriasis?{{c1::HLA-C}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}} is characterized histologically by acanthosis with parakeratosis
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Psoriasis}} may be associated with {{c1::Munro microabscesses}}, which are collections of neutrophils in the stratum corneum
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}} is associated with {{c2::Auspitz}} sign, which is pinpoint bleeding when scale is picked off
Published	03/10/2024	Psoriasis is associated with {{c1::increased}} thickness of the stratum spinosum
Published	03/10/2024	Psoriasis is associated with {{c1::decreased}} thickness of the stratum granulosum
Published	03/10/2024	Treatment for psoriasis includes corticosteroids, {{c1::targeted phototherapy*}}, or immune-modulating therapy
Published	03/10/2024	What inflammatory dermatitis presents as pruritic, planar, polygonal, purple papules? {{c1::Lichen planus}}
Published	03/10/2024	Lichen planus often presents on the wrists, elbows, and {{c1::oral}} mucosa
Published	03/10/2024	Lichen planus often presents with reticular white lines on the surface, known as {{c1::Wickham striae}}, especially on oral mucosa
Published	03/10/2024	Lichen planus is characterized histologically by inflammation of the {{c1::dermal-epidermal}} junction with a(n) "{{c2::saw-tooth}}" appearance
Published	03/10/2024	Which inflammatory dermatitis has a "saw-tooth" appearance histologically?{{c1::Lichen planus}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Lichen planus}} is an inflammatory dermatitis associated with chronic {{c1::hepatitis C}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Which inflammatory dermatitis presents with hypergranulosis (increased thickness of stratum granulosum) ?{{c1::Lichen planus}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Pemphigus vulgaris}} is an autoimmune {{c3::inactivation}} of {{c1::desmosomes}} between keratinocytes
Published	03/10/2024	Pemphigus vulgaris is due to Ig{{c2::G}} antibodies against {{c1::desmoglein (3 and 1)::specific antigen}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder presents with thin-walled bullae that rupture easily? {{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by acantholysis? {{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized histologically by a "row of tombstones" appearance? {{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder may involve the oral mucosa? {{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris::Pemphigus vulgaris or Bullous pemphigoid}}
Published	03/10/2024	Is pemphigus vulgaris associated with a positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis with manual stroking of skin)? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a "fish net" (reticular) pattern on immunofluorescence? {{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}}
Published	03/10/2024	What type of hypersensitivity reaction is pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid?{{c1::Type II HSR}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Bullous pemphigoid}} is an autoimmune destruction of {{c1::hemidesmosomes}} between basal cells and the underlying basement membrane
Published	03/10/2024	Bullous pemphigoid is due to Ig{{c1::G}} antibodies against hemidesmosome components (BP180 & BP230)
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder presents with tense blisters with eosinophils that don't rupture easily? {{c1::Bullous pemphigoid}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized histologically by detachment of the basal cell layer from the basement membrane? {{c1::Bullous pemphig…
Published	03/10/2024	Does bullous pemphigoid typically involve the oral mucosa? {{c1::No}}
Published	03/10/2024	Is bullous pemphigoid associated with a positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis with manual stroking of skin)? {{c1::No}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a linear pattern on immunofluorescence? {{c1::Bullous pemphigoid}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder, pemphigus vulgaris or bullous pemphigoid is more severe?{{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder presents as pruritic vesicles and bullae that are grouped?{{c1::Dermatitis herpetiformis}}
Published	03/10/2024	Dermatitis herpetiformis may be treated with {{c1::dapsone}} and a gluten-free diet
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a targetoid rash that is typically raised or papular? {{c1::Erythema multiforme}}
Published	03/10/2024	The targetoid appearance of erythema multiforme is due to central epidermal {{c1::necrosis}}, surrounded by erythema
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Erythema multiforme}} is a blistering skin disorder most commonly associated with {{c1::HSV}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Targetoid skin lesion (as seen in erythema multiforme) with lip/oral mucosal involvement and fever is termed {{c1::Stevens-Johnson}} syndrome
Published	03/10/2024	Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by fever and sloughing of skin at the dermal-epidermal junction? {{c1::Stevens-Johnson syndrome}}
Published	03/10/2024	Stevens-Johnson syndrome typically arises as an adverse reaction to a(n) {{c1::drug}}
Published	03/10/2024	When Stevens-Johnson syndrome involves > 30% of the body surface it is termed {{c1::toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)}}
Published	03/10/2024	Melanocytes are responsible for skin pigmentation and are present in the {{c1::basal}} layer of the epidermis
Published	03/10/2024	What cellular organelle is the site of synthesis/storage of melanin?{{c1::Melanosomes}}
Published	03/10/2024	Melanocytes synthesize melanin using the amino acid {{c1::tyrosine}} as a precursor molecule
Published	03/10/2024	What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes?{{c1::Neural crest}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which skin disorder is characterized by localized complete loss of skin pigmentation? {{c1::Vitiligo}}
Published	03/10/2024	What skin disorder is caused by autoimmune destruction of melanocytes?{{c1::Vitiligo}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder is a superficial bacterial skin infection characterized by painful, non-itchy pustules and honey-colored crusting?{{c1:…
Published	03/10/2024	Impetigo is most often due to {{c1::S. aureus}} or {{c1::S. pyogenes}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Bullous impetigo has bullae and is usually caused by {{c1::S. aureus}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder is an infection involving the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics? {{c1::Erysipelas}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Erysipelas}} is an infectious skin disorder characterized by well-defined border
Published	03/10/2024	Erysipelas is usually caused by {{c1::S. pyogenes}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder is an acute, painful infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue? {{c1::Cellulitis}}
Published	03/10/2024	Cellulitis is most often due to {{c1::S. aureus::purulent}} or {{c1::S. pyogenes::nonpurulent}} infection
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder is caused by infection with anaerobic "flesh-eating" bacteria or S. pyogenes? {{c1::Necrotizing fasciitis}}
Published	03/10/2024	Necrotizing fasciitis presents with {{c1::crepitus}} due to production of methane and CO2
Published	03/10/2024	Necrotizing fasciitis causes bullae formation, {{c1::purple::color}} skin discoloration, and pain out of proportion to exam findings
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder presents with sloughing of skin with erythematous rash and fever?{{c1::Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is characterized by epidermolysis of the stratum {{c1::granulosum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is seen in newborns and children, as well as adults with {{c1::renal}} insufficiency
Published	03/10/2024	Which infectious skin disorder presents as firm, pink, umbilicated papules?{{c1::Molluscum contagiosum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Molluscum contagiosum is typically seen in children but can be {{c1::sexually}} transmitted in adults
Published	03/10/2024	Molluscum contagiosum is characterized histologically by {{c1::cytoplasmic}} inclusions (molluscum bodies)
Published	03/10/2024	Which skin disorder begins as a "herald patch" followed days later by other scaly, erythematous plaques in a "Christmas tree" distribution on the trun…
Published	03/10/2024	Which type of UV light is the main cause of sunburn?{{c1::UV-B}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which type of UV light is the main cause of tanning and photoaging?{{c1::UV-A}}
Published	03/10/2024	Which type of UV light increases risk of skin cancer?{{c1::Both UVA and UVB :)}}
Published	03/10/2024	What vascular tumor is a benign, capillary skin papule caused by Bartonella henselae infection in AIDS patients?{{c1::Bacillary angiomatosis}}
Published	03/10/2024	Intermittent PTH stimulates maturation of osteoblasts, thus {{c1::increasing}} bone formation
Published	03/10/2024	Bones of the {{c1::axial}} skeleton, {{c2::appendicular}} skeleton, and {{c3::base of the skull}} are formed via {{c4::endochondral}} ossification
Published	03/10/2024	In {{c1::endochondral}} ossification, a(n) {{c2::hyaline cartilage::specific}} model is first made by chondrocytes
Published	03/10/2024	In {{c1::endochondral}} ossification, osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace cartilage with a matrix of {{c2::woven}} bone and then remodel to {{c3::lame…
Published	03/10/2024	In adults, woven bone is seen {{c1::after fractures}} and in {{c2::Paget disease}}
Published	03/10/2024	Bones of the {{c2::calvarium}}, {{c4::clavicle}}, and {{c3::face}} are formed via {{c1::intramembranous (without cartilage template)}} ossification
Published	03/10/2024	In {{c3::membranous}} ossification, {{c1::woven}} bone is formed {{c4::directly (without cartilage)::how?}} before later being remodeled to {{c2::lame…
Published	03/10/2024	Osteo{{c1::blasts}} build bone by secreting {{c2::collagen}}, and catalyze {{c3::mineralization}} via secretion of {{c4::alkaline phosphatase (ALP)}}
Published	03/10/2024	Osteo{{c3::blasts}} differentiate from {{c1::mesenchymal stem}} cells in the {{c2::periosteum}}
Published	03/10/2024	Osteo{{c1::clasts}} differentiate from a fusion of {{c2::monocyte/macrophage lineage precursors}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Blood}} agar contains mammalian blood{{c2::Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)::Selective or non-selective}}{{c3::Enriched (blood)::Enriched o…
Published	03/10/2024	The {{c1::beta}} hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with full lysis of RBCs
Published	03/10/2024	The {{c1::alpha}} hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with partial lysis of RBCs
Published	03/10/2024	The {{c1::gamma}} hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with lack of lysis of RBCs
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Blood}} agar is commonly used to differentiate species of {{c1::Streptococcus}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa::Which gram negative rod}} is {{c2::β}}-hemolytic
Published	03/10/2024	Which gram-positive cocci is also β-hemolytic? {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus::Besides Streptococcus}}
Published	03/10/2024	Gram {{c6::positive}} algorithm:{{c6::Anaerobic}} {{c6::branching filaments}} include {{c5::Actinomyces}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcus aureus is gram {{c1::positive}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcus aureus is catalase {{c1::positive}}
Published	03/10/2024	Staphylococcus aureus infection can cause {{c1::pneumonia::what respiratory pathology}} with {{c1::patchy}} infiltrate on CXR
Published	03/10/2024	A positive {{c1::Nikolsky}} sign is when minor pressure induces skin separation
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}} can secrete the exotoxin exfoliative toxin, destroying keratinocyte attachments in the stratum granulosum and resulting …
Published	03/10/2024	Cowdry bodies are located in the {{c1::nucleus::what part of the cell?}}
Published	03/10/2024	The herpes rash is said to have a(n) "{{c1::dew drops on a rose petal}}" appearance
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} may appear 1-2 weeks after herpes simplex virus infection
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} are a result of HSV infection and appear as a "target lesion" with a pink-red ring around a pale center
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::PCR}} is the gold standard used in the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Published	03/10/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes is also known as {{c1::group A strep (GAS)}}
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}} contains a capsule made of {{c2::hyaluronic acid}}
Published	03/10/2024	Group A Strep (S. pyogenes) is {{c1::β}}-hemolytic
Published	03/10/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes may present with "honeycomb-like" crusts on the skin known as {{c1::non-bullous}} {{c1::impetigo}}
Published	03/10/2024	Group {{c1::A}} Strep (Streptococcus {{c1::pyogenes}}) causes {{c2::pharyngitis}}, which may present with cervical lymphadenopathy
Published	03/10/2024	Pyogenic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes include:{{c1::Pharyngitis (strep throat)}}{{c2::Non-bullous impetigo}}{{c3::Erysipelas}} / {{c3::…
Published	03/10/2024	Streptococcus pyogenes contains the enzyme {{c1::hyaluronidase}}, which breaks down connective tissue, allowing for the spread of cellulitis
Published	03/10/2024	Systemic release of Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C results in {{c1::scarlet}} fever
Published	03/10/2024	Scarlet fever can present with a red, swollen, "{{c1::strawberry}}" tongue, {{c2::pharyngitis}}, and a diffuse, "{{c3::sandpaper}}-like" {{c3::rash}} …
Published	03/10/2024	Spe{{c2::A}} and {{c2::C}} of Streptococcus pyogenes cause {{c1::toxic shock-like}} syndrome
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::M protein}} is an anti-phagocytic virulence factor contained on {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}} cell walls
Published	03/10/2024	M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes can result in antigenic response to myosin in {{c1::cardiac}} muscle
Published	03/10/2024	{{c1::Rheumatic fever}} is caused by cross-reactivity between {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)::bug}} antigens (M protein) and self-antigens (via mo…
Published	03/10/2024	{{c2::Rheumatic fever}} is generally preceded by group A strep {{c1::pharyngitis}} and NOT GAS skin infections (impetigo)
Published	03/10/2024	Rheumatic fever is a type {{c1::II}} hypersensitivity reaction
Published	03/10/2024	The "JONES" criteria is used for {{c1::rheumatic fever}}:{{c1::Joints - migratory polyarthritis::J}}{{c1::♥ - carditis::O}}{{c1::Subcutaneous Nodules …
Published	03/10/2024	In the diagnosis of rheumatic fever, a mnemonic to help remember the various criteria is {{c1::JONES}}
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