Notes in Exam 1::Genetics: USF APG

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Published	08/30/2024	Each chromosome has multiple {{c1::origins of replication}}, one {{c2::centromere}}, and two {{c3::telomeres}}.
Published	08/30/2024	Chromosomes are highly {{c2::condensed}} for {{c1::cell division}}, specfically in the {{c3::mitosis}} phase of the cell division cycle.
Published	08/30/2024	There are {{c1::46}} DNA molecules and {{c2::23}} chromosome pairs.
Published	08/30/2024	During metaphase the {{c1::chromsomes}} are lined up but {{c2::sister chromatin}} are still together. Metaphase is when the {{c3::sister chromatin}} a…
Published	08/30/2024	DNA {{c1::probes}} for a specific {{c2::chromosome}} are labeled so as to {{c3::fluoresce}} at specific wavelengths, and a different combination of dy…
Published	08/30/2024	One {{c1::chromatid}} represents one {{c2::double stranded DNA molecule}}
Published	08/30/2024	Each {{c1::chromosome}} represent two {{c2::chromatids}}
Published	08/30/2024	A chromosome is a thread-like structure made of {{c1::DNA}} and {{c2::proteins}}. It carries {{c3::genetic information}} in the form of {{c4::genes}},…
Published	08/30/2024	A Metaphase chromosome is a chromosome that has been {{c1::condensed}} and aligned in the {{c2::middle}} of the cell during metaphase, a stage of cell…
Published	08/30/2024	A chromatid is one of the two {{c1::identical halves}} of a duplicated {{c2::chromosome}}. During cell division, {{c3::sister chromatids}} are joined …
Published	08/30/2024	Homologs, or homologous chromosomes, are {{c1::pairs}} of chromosomes in a cell that have the same {{c2::genes}} at the same {{c3::locations}} (loci).…
Published	08/30/2024	A karyotype is the complete set of {{c1::chromosomes}} in a cell, organized and displayed in a systematic way, usually by {{c2::size}} and {{c3::shape…
Published	08/30/2024	Mitosis is the process of {{c1::cell division}} in which a single cell divides to produce two genetically {{c2::identical}} daughter cells, each with …
Published	08/30/2024	Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell {{c1::grows}}, performs its normal functions, and prepares for cell division by {{c2::replica…
Published	08/30/2024	A gene is a segment of {{c1::DNA}} that contains the instructions for making a specific {{c2::protein}} or {{c3::RNA molecule}}, which plays a role in…
Published	08/30/2024	A telomere is the protective {{c1::cap}} at the end of a chromosome. It consists of {{c2::repetitive DNA sequences}} that protect the chromosome from …
Published	08/30/2024	A centromere is the region of a chromosome where the two {{c1::sister chromatids}} are joined together. It is also the attachment point for {{c2::spin…
Published	08/30/2024	Most of the proteins are {{c1::histone}} molecules. Many {{c2::arg}} and {{c3::lys}} residues. Highly {{c4::positively}} charged at physiological pH.
Published	08/30/2024	Nonhistone chromosomal proteins include:
Published	08/30/2024	Open chromatin fibers allow {{c1::accessibility}} of the {{c2::DNA sequence}} which is important for {{c3::gene expression}}. This allows proteins to …
Published	08/30/2024	Every {{c1::50}} base pairs separates nucleosomes.
Published	08/30/2024	The nucleosome consist of about {{c1::150 bp}} of DNA wrapped {{c2::twice}} around {{c3::eight}} histone molecules.
Published	08/30/2024	Nucleosomes are separated by about {{c1::50 bp}} of DNA
Published	08/30/2024	Amino terminal ends of {{c1::histone}} molecules are sites for {{c2::post translational}} modifications that regulate {{c3::chromatin}} and can be mod…
Published	08/30/2024	Histone acetylation is a process where acetyl groups are {{c1::added}} to {{c2::histone}} proteins, which are part of the structure that helps {{c3::p…
Published	08/30/2024	Histone deacetylation is the {{c1::removal}} of acetyl groups from {{c2::histone}} proteins. This process makes the DNA {{c3::less accessible}} for {{…
Published	08/30/2024	Histone modifications can do two things:  1. Directly affect {{c1::chromatin}} structure because of {{c2::electrostatic}} interactions 2.Create …
Published	08/30/2024	The pre-initiation complex is a group of {{c1::proteins}} and {{c2::enzymes}} that assemble at the {{c3::promoter}} region of a gene before {{c4::tran…
Published	08/30/2024	Post-transcriptional modification refers to the changes that occur to {{c2::RNA molecules}} after they are {{c1::transcribed}} from DNA. These modific…
Published	08/30/2024	A transactivator is a protein that helps activate the {{c1::expression}} of a gene by {{c2::binding}} to specific regions of DNA and {{c3::enhancing}}…
Published	08/30/2024	Deacetylated histones have more {{c1::positive}} charges and much {{c2::greater}} affinity for DNA
Published	08/30/2024	1.Chromatin is a complex of {{c1::DNA}} and protein.
Published	08/30/2024	Genes in highly ordered (condensed) chromatin cannot be transcribed into {{c1::proteins}} and are relatively insensitive to DNase.
Published	08/30/2024	The {{c1::nucleosome}} is the basic subunit of chromatin
Published	08/30/2024	1.Nucleosomes consist of a core particle, consisting of positively charged histone proteins, and of {{c1::150}} bp of DNA wrapped twice around the out…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Closed chromatin}} is condensed, inactive chromatin detectable by microscopy.  Euchromatin is decondensed, active chromatin detectable by m…
Published	08/30/2024	Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) add {{c1::acetyl groups}} to lysines, reducing the positive charge of the histone proteins and consequently reducin…
Published	08/30/2024	1.Histone deacetyl transferases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from {{c1::lysine}} residues in histone molecules.  Histone methylases add methyl gr…
Published	08/30/2024	The histone post-translational modifications can provide {{c1::binding}} sites for proteins that facilitate {{c2::chromatin function}}.  For exam…
Published	08/30/2024	HATs, HDACs, histone methylases and ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are brought to specific {{c1::sequences}} in the DNA by SSDBP.  …
Published	08/30/2024	1.In the decondensed form, chromatin provides access to DNA binding proteins via the linker DNA, destabilized nucleosomes, or {{c1::nucleosome}}-free …
Published	08/30/2024	The {{c1::PIC}} forms by an ordered assembly of components.  Most of the components assemble by contacting other proteins of the PIC, not by cont…
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