Notes in 02 Chronic Kidney Disease

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Published	11/14/2023	Erythropoietin is produced by renal {{c1::peritubular interstitial}} cells
Published	11/14/2023	What are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease?{{c1::Hypertensive nephrosclerosisDiabetic nephropathy}}
Published	11/14/2023	Edema may be caused by {{c1::sodium}} and {{c1::water}} retention
Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::E}}
Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::B (it oculd be compensated)}}
Published	11/14/2023	Creatiine levels (and thus eGFR) vary based on {{c1::muscle mass}}
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Published	11/14/2023	The only true way to measure GFR is by {{c1::inulin}}, but this is difficult to do, so we use creatinine usually
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Cystatin C}} is better for measuring GFR, but it is not readily available and may be inaccurate with cancer, smoking, thyroid disease, or high d…
Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::B (Once you have damage/scarring, it is not reversible)}}
Published	11/14/2023	AKI/AKD is usually reversible, but it may become {{c1::CKD}} if the recovery is imcomplete
Published	11/14/2023	CKD is defined as an anatomic renal abnormality or GFR < {{c1::60}} for {{c1::3+}} months
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::CKD}} exists on a continuum from high risk (ex. chronic use of NSAIDs) to advanced CKD
Published	11/14/2023	CKD staging is done for prognosis, management determination, and research, and it is based on {{c1::GFR}} and {{c1::albuminuria}}
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Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::D}}
Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::B (Stage I and II have close to normal GFR, so it's harder to detect an issue)}}
Published	11/14/2023	Answer = {{c1::B (A is the #2 cause)}}
Published	11/14/2023	Diabetes is the most common cause of CKD, but usually there is a {{c1::combined effect}} with other comorbidities
Published	11/14/2023	The cause for CKD {{c1::does not::does vs. does not}} matter in terms of its progression
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Published	11/14/2023	Prostaglandins dilate the {{c1::afferent}} arterioles and angiotensin II constricts the {{c1::efferent}} arterioles; these both work to {{c2::increase…
Published	11/14/2023	ACE inhibitors and ARBs {{c1::decrease}} glomerular pressure which is good for CKD because it {{c2::decreases}} the loss of nephrons and intraglomerul…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Fibrosis}} is the final part of CKD
Published	11/14/2023	In CKD, the reduction in the number of functioning nephrons leads to {{c1::hyperfiltration}} of those nephrons and {{c1::systemic hypertention}}
Published	11/14/2023	In CKD, the hypertension in the glomerulus causes {{c1::increased::increased vs. decreased}} glomerular epithelial cell damage and {{c1::more::more vs…
Published	11/14/2023	This shows {{c1::IFTA (interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy)}}
Published	11/14/2023	This shows {{c1::IFTA}}
Published	11/14/2023	In CKD, in order to control glomerular pressure, you want:{{c1::Low protein dietLower BP (ACE inhibitors or ARBs)}}
Published	11/14/2023	SGLT2 inhibitors end in -{{c1::gliflozin}}
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::SGLT2 inhibitors}} work to slow down CKD progression by blocking the {{c4::Na+-glucose}} transporter in the PCT which leads to less {{c2::affere…
Published	11/14/2023	Low protein diet works to treat CKD because it decreases the {{c1::need for filtration}} in the kidney, {{c2::lowering}} intraglomerular pressure and …
Published	11/14/2023	Blood pressure control {{c1::slows}} CKD progression
Published	11/14/2023	In managing CKD, its best to use {{c1::ACE inhibitor::what hypertensive medication?}}, but an {{c1::ARB::what drug?}} works too
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Published	11/14/2023	In kidney failure, high Na+ diet leads to {{c1::fluid retention}} (by aldosterone), try to maintain a {{c2::low}} sodium diet and {{c2::diuretics}} to…
Published	11/14/2023	In mineral bone disease: You have {{c1::hyper}}phosphatemia -> Pi + Ca2+ precipitation in the vasculature{{c2::Decreased}} vitamin D and calci…
Published	11/14/2023	Treatment of mineral bone disease:{{c1::Phosphate binders}} (trap phosphate in the gut){{c1::Cinacelcet}} (sensitizies PTH gland to Ca 2+, {{c2::decre…
Published	11/14/2023	CKD causes {{c1::erythropieten}} levels to fall, causing normocytic anemia
Published	11/14/2023	In CKD, you have a chronic inflammatory state leading to {{c1::decreased}} iron absorption by increased liver secretion of hepcidin-less iron
Published	11/14/2023	CKD is associated with coagulopathy and GI bleeding -> {{c1::anemia}}
Published	11/14/2023	To manage anemia in CKD:Give {{c1::synthetic EPO}}, {{c1::iron (IV)}}
Published	11/14/2023	Americans' focus on a low fat diet contributes to a {{c1::high}} carbohydrate diet over decades which could have led to the {{c1::diabetes::what disea…
Published	11/14/2023	Diabetes damages the kidney by causing glomerular {{c1::hypertension}}, glomerular {{c1::vascular damage}}, and {{c1::fibrotic}} renal changes
Published	11/14/2023	To treat diabetes and prevent renal damage:Control {{c1::glucose}} before renal damage develops{{c1::Lower}} glomerular pressure (low protein diet, HT…
Published	11/14/2023	{{c1::Protein}}uria is a big factor in prognosis of CKD
Published	11/14/2023	Stages of diabetic nephropathy:Hyperfiltration -> stabilization -> progression depends on proteinuria and treatment (if you have proteinuria you…
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