Notes in 03OlfactionAndGustation

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Published	07/30/2024	One GPCR can activate one adenylyl cyclase {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ca2+::ion}} influx triggers release of excitatory neurotransmitters from the vesicles through exocytosis ↓Molecules diffuse towards the pos…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Neuron Depolarization{{c1::cAMP-GATED CHANNEL::channel}}: influx of {{c2::Na+ and Ca2+::ion/s}}depolarizes ↓{{c3::Ca2+-GATED CHANNE::ch…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Signal Transduction: CNS AreaFunction {{c1::Piriform & Orbitofrontal}}{{c2::conscious perception}}{{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	VRA. Exposure to OdorantsB. Perception of Odor{{c1::B. ↑ exposure to odorants = ↓ perception of odor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory components responsible for adaptation:{{c1::Granule cells}} – Once the brain receives signals for smell, it sends back signals to these olfa…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory components responsible for adaptation:{{c1::Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II}} – An enzyme activated by calcium during the process of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Odorants}}Volatile chemical compounds brought by inhaled air to {{c2::nasal cavity roof::location}}
Published	07/30/2024	Important Properties of Odorants{{c1::volatile}}{{c1::low MW}}{{c1::low polarity}}{{c1::surface activity}}
Published	07/30/2024	8 Primary Odor Categories {{c1::Camphorous}}{{c2::Minty}}{{c3::Fishy}}{{c4::Spermous}}● Strongly aromatic, medicinal ● Camphor: cyclic…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs)}}● Small soluble proteins ● Belong to the {{c2::lipocalin}} superfamily that are secreted in the nasal mucu…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory receptorsFound in {{c1::olfactory cilia::location}} and constitutes one of the largest groups of {{c2::GPCR::receptor type}}
Published	07/30/2024	After coming in contact with mucus of olfactory epithelium, odorants may:{{c1::Diffuse passively through mucus}}or{{c1::be transported}} by …
Published	07/30/2024	OBP {{c2::WITHOUT::with/without}} OdorantOBP {{c2::WITH::with/without}} Odorant Selectively binds to olfact…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Transduction Pathway First Messenger{{c1::Odorants}}Receptor{{c1::GPCR}}1st Effector{{c2::Adenylyl cyclase}}Second Messenger…
Published	07/30/2024	After transduction, olfactory pathway would lead to two tracts○ (1) {{c1::Medial}} olfactory stria - projecting to the central olfactory areas, respon…
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Internal Nose:: {{c1::Medial}} Wall● Nasal septum: ○ Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid ○ Septal cartilage ○ Vom…
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Internal Nose:: {{c1::Lateral}} Wall● Inferior, middle, and superior nasal conchae and turbinates ● Divides the nasal cavi…
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Internal Nose:: {{c1::Roof}}● Anterior: Ethmoid bone ● Posterior: Sphenoid bone ● Contains the cribriform plate where…
Published	07/30/2024	Boundaries of the Internal Nose:: {{c1::Floor}}● Anterior: hard palate ● Posterior: soft palate
Published	07/30/2024	Nasal Cavity: {{c1::Vestibule}} (1st Floor)● Located inside the anterior external opening of the nose ● Contains hair follicles
Published	07/30/2024	Nasal Cavity: {{c1::Respiratory Region}} (2nd Floor)● Largest region● Lined with respiratory epithelium
Published	07/30/2024	Nasal Cavity: {{c1::Olfactory Region}} (3rd Floor)● Small area located inside the skull at the superior apex of the cavity ● Lined by olfactory e…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Epithelium - {{c1::Pseudostratified columnar::type}} epithelium that covers the superior nasal conchae & superior part of the nasal sept…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory sensory neurons are {{c1::bipolar::type}} neurons{{c2::Axons::part}} - filaments of olfactory nerve{{c3::Apical dendrite}} - epith…
Published	07/30/2024	Lamina Propria (Olfaction){{c1::Olfactory / Bowman's Gland::gland}} secretes mucus to capture / dissolve odor molecules
Published	07/30/2024	Lamina Propria (Olfaction){{c1::Olfactory bulb::part}} is found in the forebrainContains: 1. {{c2::Mitral cells}} which project to the brain…
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Published	07/30/2024	● {{c1::Psychophysical}} Tests – used to evaluate a patient’s olfactory loss ● {{c1::Electrophysiologic}} Tests – used mainly for research
Published	07/30/2024	Psychophysical Tests: {{c1::Odor Identification test (UPSIT)}}Essentially asks patients to identify odors by exposing them to these smells at the…
Published	07/30/2024	Psychophysical Tests{{c1::Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT)}}● Also known as the Brief Smell Identification Test ● A variant of U…
Published	07/30/2024	Electrophysiologic Tests{{c1::ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM (EOG)}} and {{c1::ODOR EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS (OERP)}}● Require significantly more instrumentation…
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Published	07/30/2024	Retronasal psychophysical tests{{c1::Taste Powders (Schmeckpulver)}}➢ 20 distinct substances of similar texture (non-sticky, small grains)➢ Powder is …
Published	07/30/2024	Retronasal psychophysical tests{{c1::Candy Smell Test}}➢ 23 hard candies each of 500 mg sorbitol and a distinct aroma.➢ candy is placed in the middle …
Published	07/30/2024	Retronasal psychophysical tests{{c1::Odor Delivery Containers/Odorant Presentation Containers (ODC/OPC)}}● Retronasal, but no alteration of the stimul…
Published	07/30/2024	Orthonasal psychophysical tests{{c1::Taste Powders (Schmeckpulver)}}● Most commonly used orthonasal olfaction test● Subtests:○ {{c2::Identification}} …
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Disorders: Qualitative{{c1::Anosmia}} - Total inability to recognize odors, complete loss of smell{{c1::Hyperosmia}} - Increased a…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfactory Disorders: Quantitative{{c1::Dysosmia}} - Abnormal sense of smell{{c1::Phantosmia}} - Distorted olfactory sensations in the A…
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Published	07/30/2024	Olfaction: Blood Supply{{c1::Kiesselbach's Plexus}}Integral anastomosis of five branches converging in the anterior inferior quadrant of the nasal sep…
Published	07/30/2024	Olfaction: Blood Supply StructureBlood Supply {{c1::External Nose}}{{c5::Facial a. → angular a.}}{{c2::Sellar and Dors…
Published	07/30/2024	Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are attached to the {{c1::median septum}} while extrinsic muscles extend from the {{c1::bones of tongue}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Intrinsic muscles of the tongue affect the {{c1::size and shape}} of the tongue while extrinsic muscles alter the {{c1::position}} of the tongue.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::hypoglossal nerve}} is the main innervation for the tongue muscles, except for the {{c2::palatoglossus}} which is innervated by the {{c2::va…
Published	07/30/2024	INNERVATION OF THE TONGUE{{c2::Anterior 2/3 General Sensation}}: {{c1::Lingual N. (CN V3)}}{{c2::Anterior 2/3 Taste}}: {{c1::Chorda Tympani (CN VII)}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The main blood supply of the tongue is the {{c1::lingual artery}} which originates from the {{c1::external carotid artery,}} while the lingual vein dr…
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior 2/3 of tongue lymphatic drainage intiially drains into the {{c1::submental and submandibular}} nodes, while the posterior 1/3 drains dire…
Published	07/30/2024	TONGUE DIVISIONS- {{c1::APEX}} - most anterior and mobile part- {{c1::BODY}} - has a rough surface filled with papillae, and a smooth ventral surface&…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::sulcus terminalis}} is a transverse line near the root of the tongue that divides it into an anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3, and it is marke…
Published	07/30/2024	SURROUNDING STRUCTURES OF THE TONGUEANTERIOR: {{c1::teeth}}POSTERIOR: {{c1::dorsal epiglottis, laryngeal inlet, posterior wall of oropharynx}}SUPERIOR…
Published	07/30/2024	SALIVARY GLANDS & LOCATION{{c1::PAROTID}} - anterior to ear{{c1::SUBMANDIBULAR}} - medial surface of mandibular body; anterior to angle of mandibl…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Wharton's duct}} drains the submandibular gland and some of the lingual glands into the floor of the mouth lateral to the {{c1::lingual fren…
Published	07/30/2024	LINGUAL PAPILLAE{{c1::VALLATE}} - up to 250 buds; flat and form V anterior to terminal sulcus{{c1::FOLIATE}} - up to 1000 buds; parallell folds toward…
Published	07/30/2024	PARTS OF THE TASTE BUDS- {{c1::TASTE CELLS}} - Elongated cells that contain hair-like processes or microvilli at its tips that binds to specific tasta…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF TASTE CELLSTYPE I - {{c1::Heterogenous & salty}}TYPE II - {{c1::Sour, sweet, bitter, umami}}TYPE III - {{c1::Bitter, sweet, umami, sour}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The main nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain are the {{c1::Facial nerve (CN VII)}} {{c1::Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)}} {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	TASTE PATHWAYS{{c1::FACIAL NERVE}} - separate from lingual n > chorda tympani > petrotympanic fissure > {{c2::geniculate}} ganglion >…
Published	07/30/2024	TASTE PATHWAY FROM THE MEDULLA{{c1::SECOND-ORDER}} FIBERS - medulla > ipsilateral solitario-thalamic tract > VPN nuc. of thalamus >…
Published	07/30/2024	COMPOSITION OF SALIVAINORGANIC - {{c1::Na+, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl}}ORGANIC - {{c1::enzymes (such as amylase, lingual lipase, mucin, growth factors…
Published	07/30/2024	FORMATION AND SECRETION OF SALIVARY Salivary fluid is formed in the {{c1::acinar}} cells (also called secretory end pieces). These c…
Published	07/30/2024	STAGES OF SALIVATIONPRIMARY SECRETION STAGE - aka {{c1::acini}} stage, fluid is {{c1::iso}}tonic to plasmaSECONDARY SECRETION STAGE - a…
Published	07/30/2024	FINAL SALIVA vs PLASMA: Where is it higher?Na+ - {{c1::PLASMA}}Cl- - {{c1::PLASMA}}HCO3- - {{c1::FINAL SALIVA}}K- - {{c1::FINAL SALIVA}}Tonicity …
Published	07/30/2024	RESTING vs MAXIMAL SALIVARY FLOW: Where is it HIGHER?Na- - {{c1::MAXIMAL}}Cl- - {{c1::MAXIMAL}}HCO3- - {{c1::! high in both !}}K+ - {{c1::RESTING}}Ton…
Published	07/30/2024	INNERVATION OF SALIVARY GLANDS- Intrinsic Salivary Glands - {{c1::CN VIII}}- Parotid Gland - {{c1::CN IX}}- Submandibular Gland - {{c1::CN VII}}- Subl…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: The three phases of integrated digestive response are the cephalic, oral, and esophageal phases, but salivation is relevant in the firs…
Published	07/30/2024	INTEGRATED SALIVARY RESPONSE- {{c1::CEPHALIC}} PHASE - involves cognitive and sensory stimuli- {{c1::ORAL}} PHASE - food comes in contact with mouth
Published	07/30/2024	INTEGRATED RESPONSE OF SALIVATION Stimuli lead to an increased excitatory {{c1::parasympathetic::SNS/PSNS}} outflow to the gut which then induces …
Published	07/30/2024	Sympathetic control over salivation is via the {{c1::superior cervical}} ganglion, leading to a release of {{c1::norepinephrine}}, acting on alpha and…
Published	07/30/2024	Parasympathetic regulation of salivation causes the release of {{c1::acetylcholine}} in the {{c1::M3 muscarinic}} receptors, leading to overall {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Parasympathetic stimulation of salivation is more dominant than the sympathetic, and it causes the formation of saliva that is more abu…
Published	07/30/2024	SALIVATION PATHWAYSIN MEDULLA: {{c1::Inferior salivatory}} nucleus > {{c2::tympanic}} branch of CN {{c2::IX}} > {{c1::Otic}} ganglion > CN {{…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::habenular}} nucleus, like the hypothalamus, also receives signals from the olfactory pathway and sends signals to the salivatory nuclei, the…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tastants}} refer to chemicals that produce taste sensations, while {{c1::taste sensations}} refer to the brain's interpretation of signals sent …
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE I TASTE CELLS - like glial or supporting cellsTASTE: {{c1::salty}} taste for {{c1::diet modulation & electrolye balance}}TASTANT: {{c1::sodiu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amiloride}} is a drug that inhibits ENaC leading to lessened taste response to {{c1::amiloride}}-sensitive salty taste.
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE II TASTE CELLSTASTES - {{c1::Sweet, Bitter, Umami}}RECEPTOR SETS - {{c1::T1R1, T1R2, T1R3}}TRASDUCTION PATHWAY - {{c1::GPCR}}NEUROTRANSMITTERS - …
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE II CELL TASTES{{c1::SWEET}} - nutrient sensing, obtaining energy, and normal metabolism{{c1::BITTER}} - protective mechanism against toxic substa…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE II CELL RECEPTOR SETS - reason why type II cells have broad sensitivity T1R1 - {{c1::Sweet, Umami}} T1R2 - {{c1::Bitter}} T1R3 - {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ATP}} is a crucial neurotransmitter linking Type II taste cells to sensory nerve fibers.
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE II CELL TASTANTS- SWEET - {{c1::sugars, glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters}}- BITTER - {{c1::long chain org substances with ni…
Published	07/30/2024	The signalling cascade of Type II Taste Cells first involves the activation of {{c1::gustducin}}, the alpha subunit of a trimeric G-protein complex.&n…
Published	07/30/2024	Important signal proteins in the signalling cascade of Type 2 Cell Transduction include {{c1::alpha-gustducin, PLC-Beta, IP3R, and TRPM5}}
Published	07/30/2024	TYPE III TASTE CELLS - presynaptic cellsTASTE - {{c1::sour}} taste for {{c1::acids}}TASTANT - {{c1::hydrogen}} in acidic substancesTRANSDUCTION MECHAN…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serotonin and GABA}} are neurotransmitters released by Type III taste cells that act to inhibit further paracrine release of ATP by Type II tast…
Published	07/30/2024	In the Type III cell transduction pathway, H+ flow induces transmembrane currents thorugh {{c1::ENaC}} and they also block {{c1::leaky K+ channels}} u…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::primary gustatory cortex}} receives information from taste buds, about smell, and about texture to combine them into our overall experience …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::gag reflex}} is the reflex contraction of muscles in posterior pharynx.
Published	07/30/2024	GAG REFLEXSTIMULUS: {{c1::stimulation of posterior pharyngeal wall, tonsillar area, base of tongue}}AFFERENT LIMB: {{c1::glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)}}…
Published	07/30/2024	GUSTATORY-SALIVARY REFLEXTASTE BUDS > {{c1::chorda tympani / glossopharyngeal n}}. > {{c2::tractus solitarius}} > salivary nuclei > saliva…
Published	07/30/2024	SPICINESSSENSATION: {{c1::chemostatic sensation of pain, touch, and thermal perception}}CHEMICAL: {{c1::capsaicin}}RECEPTORS: {{c1::TRPV-1 nociceptors…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Thermal modulation shows that heating or cooling small areas of the tongue can in fact cause sensations of taste. {{c1::TRUE}}
Published	07/30/2024	Warming the anterior edge of the tongue from a cold temperature evokes s{{c1::weetbess and bitterness}}, while cooling can evoke {{c1::sourness and sa…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Preliminary Workup in gustatory testing involves history-taking, explanation of procedure, gaining of consent, and brief clinical asses…
Published	07/30/2024	The most common causes of taste loss are {{c1::iatrogenic, drug-induced, metabolic, or post-infectious }}
Published	07/30/2024	GUSTATORY TESTING CLASSES{{c1::WHOLE-MOUTH CHEMICAL}} - {{c2::three-drop method & taste tablets /wafers}}{{c1::REGIONAL CHEMICAL}} - {{c2::taste s…
Published	07/30/2024	The rationale behind separating whole mouth and regional testing is due to {{c1::taste constancy}}, where sensation remains intact even in localized t…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Whole mouth}} gustatory testing reflects real-life setting where the patient is actually experiencing during deglutition.
Published	07/30/2024	STANDARDIZED TASTE TESTING COMPOUNDSSWEET - {{c1::sucrose}}SALTY - {{c1::sodium chloride}}BITTER - {{c1::quinine HCl and caffeine}}SOUR - {{c1::citric…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Detection}} threshold refers to the concentration at which patient indicates which droplet has the taste, while {{c1::recognition}} threshold re…
Published	07/30/2024	TASTE STRIP METHOD INTERPRETATION:Score of 9 or below - {{c1::HYPOGUESIA}}Score of 10 or above - {{c1::NORMOGUESIA}}Distortion - {{c1::DYSGUESIA}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::cotton swab technique}}, 4 basic solutions are placed on a cotton-tipped swab and then patients are then left to qunttify the quality of …
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Loss of taste in COVID-19 patients is most likely a result of the sense of smell.{{c1::TRUE}}
Published	07/30/2024	QUANTITATIVE TASTE DISORDERS{{c1::AGUESIA}} - total loss of taste; diagnosed using {{c1::whole mouth}} taste testing{{c1::HYPOGUESIA}} - decreased per…
Published	07/30/2024	QUALITATIVE TASTE DISORDERs{{c1::DYSGUESIA}} - altered taste{{c1::PARAGUESIA}} - triggered taste distortion{{c1::PHANTOGUESIA}} - presence of a persis…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: The recovery and treatment of loss of taste is depending on the underlying cause, but there is a good chance of recovery in most cases.…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::3-DROP WHOLE MOUTH}} TESTPRINCIPLE: {{c2::Identification of solution with taste when given 1 taste and 2 blank solutions }}ADVANTAGES: {{c3…
Published	07/30/2024	TASTE TABLET OR WAFER METHODPRINCIPLE: {{c1::tablets and wafer containing basic tastants}}ADVANTAGES: {{c1::not need aqeuous solution; long shelf life…
Published	07/30/2024	TASTE STRIPSPRINCIPLE: {{c1::identification of stimulus and what is its taste}}ADVANTAGES: {{c1::most accurate chemogustation test; rapidly dissolves}…
Published	07/30/2024	COTTON SWABPRINCIPLE: {{c1::identification of quality of the taste by rating the intensity}}ADVANTAGES: {{c1::detect localized damage; relatively affo…
Published	07/30/2024	ELECTROGUSTOMETRYPRINCIPLE: {{c1::non-natural or electrical stimuli}}ADVANTAGES: {{c1::lateralized assessement}}DISADVANTAGES: {{c1::unsuitable for se…
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