Notes in 02 Autonomic Nervous System

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Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::parasympathetic}} nervous distribution comes from the {{c1::cranial}} and {{c1::sacral}} areas.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c3::presynaptic and postsynaptic::presynaptic or postsynaptic}} chemical of the {{c2::parasympathetic}} nervous system is {{c1::acetylcholine}}.…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::β2}} adrenergic stimulation of the lungs causes {{c1::bronchodilation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	α1 and peripheral α2  receptors are primarily located in the {{c4::veins/arteries}} Pre/postsynaptic: {{c1::Postsynaptic receptors…
Published	12/13/2023	Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in {{c1::arterial gas tension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The afferent pathway of the celiac reflex travels through the {{c1::celiac plexus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Ion channel}} receptors alter the {{c2::electrical potential}} across the membrane.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Tyrosine kinase}} receptors act by {{c3::phosphorylating}} the {{c1::intracellular kinase domain}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Sympathetic}} nervous system predominance {{c1::delays}} gastric emptying.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Aquaporin}} channels allow for water to cross the cell membrane.
Published	12/13/2023	Glycolysis produces a net gain of {{c1::2}} ATP molecules.
Published	12/13/2023	The Krebs cycle (including oxidative phosphorylation) produces {{c1::36}} molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
Published	12/13/2023	Thyroid and steroid hormones work by entering the {{c1::nucleus}} and influencing {{c2::genetic transcription}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Adenylyl cyclase}} converts {{c1::ATP}} to {{c1::cAMP}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::ventral}} horn of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of efferent nerves.
Published	12/13/2023	What part of acetylcholine is recycled?{{c1::Choline}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Magnesium}} decreases acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction by competing with {{c2::calcium}} at the voltage-gated channel.&n…
Published	12/13/2023	Parasympathetic stimulation of the vasculature causes {{c1::nothing}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose range for vasopressin is {{c1::0.04}} to {{c1::1}} units/min.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose range for phenylephrine infusions is {{c1::20}} to {{c1::200}} mcg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose range for norepinephrine infusions is {{c1::1}} to {{c1::20}} mcg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose range for epinephrine infusions is {{c1::1}} to {{c1::20}} mcg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	The dose range for dobutamine infusions is {{c1::1}} to {{c1::20}} mcg/kg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	What vasopressor produces pulmonary artery vasodilation and is preferred in right heart failure?{{c1::Milrinone}}
Published	12/13/2023	The muscarinic-2 receptors in the SA node is a G-protein coupled receptor that works by {{c1::opening/closing an ion channel}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The binding of insulin to insulin receptors {{c1::activates}} the catalyst domain.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::first messenger}} is a ligand that binds to the G-protein coupled receptor.
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of a G-protein by a ligand causes the {{c1::α}} subunit to dissociate and interact with an effector.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Second messenger}} systems allow for signal amplification (signal transduction).
Published	12/13/2023	In the {{c1::veins}}, vasoconstriction is produced by {{c2::α2}} > {{c2::α1}} receptor activity,
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::α1}} receptor stimulation of the {{c2::sweat}} glands causes {{c3::increased}} secretions.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of {{c2::α2}} receptors in the {{c3::salivary}} glands leads to {{c1::dry mouth}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Phosphodiesterase III}} metabolizes {{c2::cAMP}} to {{c2::AMP}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What amino acids can be synthesized into norepinephrine?{{c1::Tyrosine (from diet)Phenylalanine (converted to tyrosine)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of presynaptic {{c1::β2}} receptors by norepinephrine increases further release.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Urine}} measurement of {{c1::vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)}} can be used to diagnose {{c2::pheochromocytoma}} because it assesses overall sympathe…
Published	12/13/2023	Most vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is due to {{c1::deamination}} of norepinephrine in postganglionic nerve endings.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Nicotinic}} receptors are {{c1::ion}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of receptors are found in postganglionic PNS effector organs and the central nervous system?{{c1::Muscarinic::muscarinic/nicotinic}}
Published	12/13/2023	Acetyl-CoA is produced in the {{c1::mitochondria}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Preganglionic sympathetic nerves may exit the sympathetic chain without synapsing and instead synapse at the {{c1::peripheral ganglia (prevertebral)}}…
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to {{c1::skeletal}} and {{c1::cardiac}} muscle.
Published	12/13/2023	In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers are {{c1::long::short/long}} and the postganglionic fibers are {{c1::short::short/long…
Published	12/13/2023	In the sympathetic nervous system, {{c1::muscarinic}} cholinergic receptors are found on postganglionic cholinergic neurons (sweat glands and blood ve…
Published	12/13/2023	The post-preganglionic ratio of the parasympathetic nervous system is {{c1::1-3}}:1.
Published	12/13/2023	The 5 major components of the reflex arc are:Sensor → {{c1::Afferent}} pathway → {{c2::Control}} center → {{c1::Efferent}} pathway → Effector organ
Published	12/13/2023	How many nerve fibers are present in the efferent pathway of the reflex arc?{{c1::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	The pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the adrenal medulla arise from {{c1::T5}}-{{c1::T9}}.
Published	12/13/2023	At rest, the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine at a rate of {{c1::0.2}} mcg/kg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	At rest, the adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine at a rate of {{c1::0.05}} mcg/kg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	Catecholamines remain in the {{c1::bloodstream}} 5-10x longer than they do in the synaptic cleft.
Published	12/13/2023	Theophylline is a {{c1::methylxanthine}} that causes {{c2::hypo}}kalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	In the baroreceptor reflex, hypertension increases afferent traffic to the {{c3::nucleus tractus solitarius}}, which stimulates the {{c1::rostral vent…
Published	12/13/2023	During a mediastinoscopy, pressure from the scope on the {{c1::transverse aortic arch}} can cause bradycardia.
Published	12/13/2023	What volatile anesthetic impairs the baroreceptor reflex the least?{{c1::Isoflurane}}
Published	12/13/2023	Vasodilators like hydralazine, nitroprusside, and nitroglycerine are associated with a {{c1::preservation of}} the baroreceptor reflex.
Published	12/13/2023	At high doses, norepinephrine is associated with a {{c1::decreased}} heart rate.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Bezold-Jarisch}} reflex causes {{c2::brady}}cardia in the setting of {{c3::hypo}}volemia.
Published	12/13/2023	The Bezold-Jarisch reflex causes dilation of the {{c1::coronary arteries}}
Published	12/13/2023	Both the Bezold-Jarisch reflex and the Bainbridge reflex are carried on {{c1::unmyelinated C}}-fibers to the {{c2::medulla}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Dopamine-{{c2::1}} receptors are {{c3::post}}synaptic → linked to {{c1::Gs}} proteins → {{c1::activates adenylate cyclase}}
Published	12/13/2023	Dopamine-{{c4::2}} receptors are {{c3::pre}}synaptic → linked to {{c2::Gi}} proteins → {{c1::inhibits adenylate cyclase}}
Published	12/13/2023	Vasopressin-{{c2::1}} receptors → linked to {{c1::Gq}} proteins → activate {{c1::phospholipase C}}
Published	12/13/2023	Vasopressin-{{c2::2}} receptors → linked to {{c1::Gs}} proteins → activate {{c1::adenylate cyclase}}
Published	12/13/2023	Histamine-{{c2::1}} receptors → linked to {{c1::Gq}} proteins → activate {{c1::phospholipase C}}
Published	12/13/2023	Histamine-{{c2::2}} receptors → linked to {{c1::Gs}} proteins → activate {{c1::adenylate cyclase}}
Published	12/13/2023	What reflex is intact in a denervated (transplanted) heart?{{c1::Bainbridge reflex}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Glomangiomas}} are usually benign tumors that originate from {{c1::neural crest}} cells.
Published	12/13/2023	What catecholamines are released by glomus tumors (glomangioma)?{{c1::Norepinephrine}}
Published	12/13/2023	Glomus tumors release {{c1::serotonin}} and {{c1::kallikrein}}, which produce symptoms similar to that of {{c2::carcinoid syndrome}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Multiple system atrophy}} (also known as {{c1::Shy-Drager}} syndrome) causes degeneration of the {{c2::locus coeruleus}}, {{c3::intermediolatera…
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with multiple system atrophy usually die from {{c1::cerebral hypoperfusion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What neurological pathology manifests as Parkinsonism with orthostatic hypotension, impotence, incontinence, o…
Published	12/13/2023	Patients with multiple system atrophy should have hypotension treated with {{c2::volume resuscitation}} and {{c1::direct}}-acting sympathomimetic drug…
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with multiple system atrophy, {{c1::ephedrine}} and {{c1::ketamine}} can cause an exaggerated {{c2::hypertensive}} response.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Isoproterenol::catecholamine}} will decrease the diastolic blood pressure and impair coronary perfusion.
Published	12/13/2023	What synthetic catecholamine can be used for the treatment of cor pulmonale?{{c1::Isoproterenol}}
Published	12/13/2023	The use of {{c1::ephedrine::vasopressor}} in patients taking MAO inhibitors can cause a {{c2::hypertensive crisis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Vasopressin}} is the first line therapy for ACEI or ARB induced vasoplegia.
Published	12/13/2023	Carvedilol has a β:α block ratio of {{c1::10:1}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Labetalol and pindolol are β-blockers that demonstrate {{c1::intrinsic sympathomimetic}} activity.
Published	12/13/2023	Phenoxybenzamine can cause {{c2::reflex tachycardia}} by blocking the {{c1::presynaptic α2}} receptor.
Published	12/13/2023	Prazosin is used to treat {{c1::essential hypertension}}, especially in patients with {{c2::benign prostatic hypertrophy}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Yohimbine}} is an herb that antagonizes the {{c2::α2}} receptor, which {{c3::increases::increases/decreases}} sympathetic tone.
Published	12/13/2023	Yohimbine is an herb that is primarily used to treat {{c1::orthostatic hypotension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Acetylcholine is a {{c1::first}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	GABA is a {{c1::first}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	cAMP is a {{c1::second}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	cGMP is a {{c1::second}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	IP3 is a {{c1::second}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	DAG is a {{c1::second}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	Ca2+ is a {{c1::second}} messenger.
Published	12/13/2023	α2-adrenergic receptors in the {{c1::medulla}} caused decreased {{c2::sympathetic}} tone.
Published	12/13/2023	α2-adrenergic receptors in the {{c1::vagus nerve}} cause increased {{c2::parasympathetic}} tone.
Published	12/13/2023	α2-adrenergic receptors in the {{c1::locus coeruleus}} cause {{c2::sedation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	α2-adrenergic receptors in the {{c1::spinal cord (dorsal horn)}} cause {{c2::analgesia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of presynaptic {{c1::α2}} receptors by norepinephrine decreases further release.
Published	12/13/2023	Release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft is dependent on {{c1::Ca2+}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the result of sympathetic stimulation on contractility?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic nervous system activation causes {{c1::hyper}}-glycemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic nervous system activation causes {{c1::hyper}}-coagulability.
Published	12/13/2023	Parasympathetic nervous system activation causes {{c1::increased}} secretions (e.g. salivation, lacrimation).
Published	12/13/2023	Are doxazosin and prazosin selective or non-selective?{{c1::Selective (α1)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of the {{c1::nicotinic}} acetylcholine receptor {{c2::increases}} serum K+ levels.
Published	12/13/2023	How does epinephrine affect serum K+ levels?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do barbituates (thiopental) preserve or blunt the baroreceptor reflex?{{c1::Preserve}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Bezold-Jarisch}} reflex causes stimulation of the vagus nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Bainbridge}} reflex causes inhibition of the vagus nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypervolemia causes decreased {{c1::ADH}} release from the posterior pituitary gland.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypervolemia causes increased {{c1::ANP}} release, leading to diuresis.
Published	12/13/2023	Oculocardiac reflex afferent pathway:{{c1::Long & short ciliary}} nerves → {{c2::Ciliary}} ganglion → {{c3::Ophthalmic (V1)}} division of {{c…
Published	12/13/2023	What is the most common cause of cardiac denervation in non-cardiac surgery patients?{{c1::Diabetes (diabetic autonomic denervation)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Isoproterenol causes broncho-{{c1::dilation}}
Published	12/13/2023	Is ephedrine direct or indirect acting?{{c1::Both}}
Published	12/13/2023	What gland secretes vasopressin (ADH)?{{c1::Posterior pituitary}}
Published	12/13/2023	Does prazosin cause reflex tachycardia?{{c1::No (selective α1 blocker only)}}
Published	12/13/2023	Yohimbine causes increased {{c1::sympathetic}} tone.
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