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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/23/2025	What does neoplasia mean?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a neoplasm?
Published	01/23/2025	What is oncology?
Published	01/23/2025	What characterizes benign tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What suffix do benign tumors typically end with?
Published	01/23/2025	Which of the following is a benign mesenchymal tumor?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the behavior of malignant tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common characteristic of adenomas?
Published	01/23/2025	What are cystadenomas?
Published	01/23/2025	What defines hamartomas?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the main genetic basis of neoplasms?
Published	01/23/2025	What do tumors consist of?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the term for the spread of malignant tumors to other sites?
Published	01/23/2025	What are the two basic components of all tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the role of oncogenes in cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
Published	01/23/2025	Which viral infection is associated with oncogenic RNA viruses?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of radiation is considered a carcinogen?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common method for laboratory diagnosis of cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What are choristomas?
Published	01/23/2025	What are the main categories of malignant tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	Which of the following is a malignant epithelial tumor?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a key characteristic of sarcomas?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the term for tumors composed of poorly differentiated cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What characterizes mixed tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What are teratomas composed of?
Published	01/23/2025	What primarily determines if a tumor is classified as benign or malignant?
Published	01/23/2025	What is anaplasia?
Published	01/23/2025	How do benign tumors typically grow?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common characteristic of malignant tumors regarding local invasion?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the typical metastatic behavior of malignant tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What does differentiation refer to in tumor cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a characteristic of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma?
Published	01/23/2025	What defines well-differentiated adenocarcinoma?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a feature of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma?
Published	01/23/2025	What does pleomorphism refer to in tumor morphology?
Published	01/23/2025	What indicates abnormal nuclear morphology?
Published	01/23/2025	What is metaplasia?
Published	01/23/2025	What does dysplasia represent?
Published	01/23/2025	What does carcinoma in situ reflect?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a characteristic of local invasion in malignant tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What does ischemic necrosis in tumors indicate?
Published	01/23/2025	What characterizes malignant neoplasms?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the single most important feature distinguishing benign from malignant tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What percentage of solid tumors will present as metastatic disease?
Published	01/23/2025	Which cancers rarely metastasize?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common route for cancer dissemination?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the dominant risk factor for most malignancies?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the association of smoking with cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What increases the risk of breast and endometrial cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	At what age does most cancer occur?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common cause of cancer in children?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of lesions are associated with increased risk of malignant transformation?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a condition that increases cancer risk due to immune compromise?
Published	01/23/2025	What percentage of malignancies arise sporadically without an apparent inherited familial basis?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of genetic mutations often increase cancer risk?
Published	01/23/2025	Which type of genes typically undergo loss-of-function mutations in cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the process by which tumors develop from a single genetically damaged cell called?
Published	01/23/2025	What are driver mutations?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a key characteristic of the first driver mutation in cancer development?
Published	01/23/2025	What contributes to the Darwinian evolution of tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is one of the hallmarks of cancer related to growth signals?
Published	01/23/2025	Which type of changes can contribute to malignancy by altering gene transcription?
Published	01/23/2025	What is one hallmark of cancer related to growth signals?
Published	01/23/2025	What effect describes the switch to aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What are oncogenes?
Published	01/23/2025	What are proto-oncogenes?
Published	01/23/2025	What do oncoproteins resemble?
Published	01/23/2025	What can mutations in growth factor receptors lead to?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the role of RAS in cell signaling?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the most common type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of mutation is commonly seen in B-RAF?
Published	01/23/2025	What does the c-ABL gene code for?
Published	01/23/2025	What causes the hybrid protein in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a classic example of a mutated transcription factor that leads to growth autonomy?
Published	01/23/2025	What role does the MYC transcription factor play in cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What do tumor suppressor genes primarily prevent?
Published	01/23/2025	Which tumor suppressor is known for detecting genotoxic stress?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the process by which tumors induce blood vessel growth?
Published	01/23/2025	What do tumors need to grow beyond 1 to 2 mm in size?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the first phase of the metastatic cascade?
Published	01/23/2025	What must a carcinoma breach to invade the ECM?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a characteristic of tumors that do not initially induce angiogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the first step of the metastatic cascade initiated by ECM?
Published	01/23/2025	What mediates cell-cell interactions in normal epithelial cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What happens to E-cadherin function in several epithelial tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the second step of invasion?
Published	01/23/2025	What do tumors elaborate to degrade the ECM?
Published	01/23/2025	What does matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) degrade?
Published	01/23/2025	What do tumor cells express to allow interaction with the ECM?
Published	01/23/2025	What can enhance cell arrest in capillary beds during invasion?
Published	01/23/2025	What does immune surveillance refer to?
Published	01/23/2025	What correlates with outcomes in cancer patients?
Published	01/23/2025	What can suppress or make tumors invisible to host immune cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What can tumor antigens elicit?
Published	01/23/2025	What can tumor antigens elicit in the host immune response?
Published	01/23/2025	Which T-cell responses are most relevant for protective antitumor immunity?
Published	01/23/2025	What are neoantigens produced from?
Published	01/23/2025	What can overexpressed normal cellular proteins induce?
Published	01/23/2025	Which viruses are noted for producing tumor antigens?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the dominant antitumor mechanism?
Published	01/23/2025	What initiates CTL responses against tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a hallmark of mismatch repair defects?
Published	01/23/2025	What do activated macrophages exhibit against tumor cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What can lead to immune evasion by cancers?
Published	01/23/2025	What are the common toxicities associated with checkpoint blockade?
Published	01/23/2025	What do DNA repair pathways help correct?
Published	01/23/2025	What can defective DNA repair proteins permit?
Published	01/23/2025	What do mismatch repair factors act as during DNA replication?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the most common manifestation of a mismatch repair gene defect?
Published	01/23/2025	What are microsatellites?
Published	01/23/2025	Which genes account for approximately 30% of HNPCC syndrome?
Published	01/23/2025	What syndrome is caused by inherited loss-of-function mutations in nucleotide excision repair factors?
Published	01/23/2025	What risk do patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum face?
Published	01/23/2025	Which autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents?
Published	01/23/2025	What do mutations in BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 increase the risk of?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a consequence of defective ATM protein?
Published	01/23/2025	What is one effect of cancer-enabling inflammation?
Published	01/23/2025	What does the degradation of adhesion molecules lead to in cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What promotes survival in the setting of stresses such as DNA damage?
Published	01/23/2025	Which factor is elaborated to induce angiogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What contributes to immune evasion in tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What must be controlled and reported in tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What can induce malignancy besides oncogene activation?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of chromosomal changes can activate proto-oncogenes?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the result of the t(8:14) translocation in Burkitt lymphoma?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the Philadelphia chromosome associated with?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of leukemia is associated with PML-RARα chimeric protein?
Published	01/23/2025	What is more common in nonhematopoietic solid tumors?
Published	01/23/2025	What is an example of a tumor suppressor gene deletion?
Published	01/23/2025	What is associated with N-myc overexpression?
Published	01/23/2025	What therapeutic strategy may be efficacious for epigenetic changes?
Published	01/23/2025	What is required for the emergence of cancer cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What must be activated for normal human epithelial cells to be transformed?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a classic example of multistep carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the first step in the development of colon carcinoma according to the stepwise model?
Published	01/23/2025	Which of the following is NOT a type of carcinogenic agent?
Published	01/23/2025	What are the two general stages of chemical carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the role of initiators in chemical carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of carcinogens does not require metabolic conversion?
Published	01/23/2025	What process enhances the proliferation of initiated cells in chemical carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	Which of the following is an example of a promoter in chemical carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common effect of UV rays on the skin?
Published	01/23/2025	Which population is at higher risk for skin cancer due to UV exposure?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of radiation is associated with myeloid leukemias?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the primary mechanism of DNA damage from UV rays?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a characteristic of initiated cells?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of radiation can generate free radicals that lead to DNA mutations?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a common cancer associated with radiation exposure?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the most common type of radiation-induced neoplasm?
Published	01/23/2025	Which tissue type is least susceptible to radiation carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What drives microbial carcinogenesis?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of cancer is associated with Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the transmission method for HTLV-1 infection?
Published	01/23/2025	Which virus can integrate into the host cell genome?
Published	01/23/2025	What HPV types cause benign squamous papillomas?
Published	01/23/2025	Which HPV types are high risk for causing cancers?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a key mechanism of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in promoting cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	Which cancer is associated with EBV and involves a t(8;14) translocation?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the primary cause of hepatocellular carcinomas worldwide?
Published	01/23/2025	What is a dominant effect of hepatitis virus infections leading to cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What does regenerative hyperplasia generate a pool of?
Published	01/23/2025	What do activated immune cells produce that can be mutagenic?
Published	01/23/2025	What regulatory element does HBV encode that can inactivate p53?
Published	01/23/2025	What percentage of individuals infected with Helicobacter pylori may develop gastric carcinoma?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of tumors can prolonged Helicobacter pylori infection lead to?
Published	01/23/2025	What can benign intracranial tumors cause?
Published	01/23/2025	What syndrome can tumors that produce insulin cause?
Published	01/23/2025	What does tumor grading primarily assess?
Published	01/23/2025	What does the AJCC staging system use for classification?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the most important method of cancer diagnosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What does immunohistochemistry use to detect cell products?
Published	01/23/2025	What can immunohistochemistry help determine about metastases?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the purpose of using specific intermediate filaments or other markers in cancer diagnosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What reagent is used for prostate cancer detection?
Published	01/23/2025	Which marker is associated with breast cancer prognosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the function of flow cytometry in cancer diagnosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the role of Circulating Tumor Cells in cancer detection?
Published	01/23/2025	What technique distinguishes monoclonal and polyclonal proliferations in lymphocytic lesions?
Published	01/23/2025	What can fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detect?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the purpose of DNA microarrays in cancer diagnostics?
Published	01/23/2025	What can genetic alterations indicate in cancer prognosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the significance of detecting residual disease in cancer patients?
Published	01/23/2025	What genes are analyzed for hereditary predisposition to cancers?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the purpose of guiding therapy with oncoprotein-directed drugs?
Published	01/23/2025	What genes are detected by mutational analysis for family screening and risk stratification in neoplasms?
Published	01/23/2025	What is an example of an oncoprotein-directed drug target in acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of molecules are tumor markers?
Published	01/23/2025	Which tumor marker is associated with ovarian cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the biochemical property of AFP?
Published	01/23/2025	Which cancer is associated with the tumor marker CA-19-9?
Published	01/23/2025	What type of tumors is HCG associated with?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the role of tumor markers in diagnosis?
Published	01/23/2025	What is the function of the progesterone receptor in cancer?
Published	01/23/2025	What does PSA stand for in relation to prostate cancer?
Status	Last Update	Fields