Notes in 03_Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}} is {{c2::a chronic lung disease characterized by obstruction of lung airflow related to smoking a…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}} {{c1::Chronic productive chough}} {{c1::Breathlessness at rest or exertion}} {{c1…
Published	02/10/2024	Examination Findings in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) {{c1::Oedema and Raised JVP}} {{c1::Hyperinflation and chest wall deformities (e.…
Published	02/10/2024	Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) {{c1::Tobacco smoking (95%)}} {{c1::Air pollution}} {{c1::Occupational exposure to dusts …
Published	02/10/2024	COPD is characterized by two pathologies: {{c1::Bronchitis}} and {{c1::Emphysema}}
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale in COPD {{c1::Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries due to hypoxia shunts blood flow}} {{c1::If it occurs chronicall…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Secondary Polycythaemia in COPD {{c1::Increased erythropoietin in response to hypoxia (low O2)}} {{c1::Increased haemoglobin and ha…
Published	02/10/2024	Oxygen-Induced Hypercapnia in COPD is explained by the {{c1::Haldane effect}} and {{c1::Ventilation-Perfusion mismatch}} which aim to describe th…
Published	02/10/2024	According to Haldane Effect, {{c1::oxygenation}} will reduce haemoglobin’s capacity for carbon dioxide, which leads to an increase in {{c2::PaCO2}}
Published	02/10/2024	According to Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch, oxygenation increases oxygen tension within the alveoli which will reduce {{c1::hypoxic pu…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Emphysema}} is {{c2::an increase beyond the normal in the size of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole arising either from dilatation or …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Centriacinar}} EmphysemaLocation: {{c1::affects the upper lobes and occupies many individual spots (by number)}}Features: {{c1::central enlargem…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Panacinar}} EmphysemaLocation: {{c1::affects lower lobes and occupies a larger zone (by area)}}Features: {{c1::uniform enlargement and destructi…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Periacinar/Paraseptal}} EmphysemaLocation: {{c1::affects tissue around the edges of the acinus that face the pleura}}Features: {{c1::raises chan…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Emphysema by disruption of the {{c1::Protease}} and {{c1::Antiprotease}} balance
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Smoking}} increases the risk of Emphysema by inhibiting {{c1::anti-elastases}} and stimulating {{c1::elastases}}, which leads to destruction of …
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension in COPD{{c1::Pulmonary vasoconstriction ‒ due to hypoxia, intimal muscular hypertrophy and fibrosis which re…
Published	02/10/2024	Investigations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::Spirometry shows FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.7% post-bronchodilation}}{{c1::Pulmonary…
Published	02/10/2024	Spirometry of COPD shows FEV1/FVC ratio of {{c1::0.7%}} post-bronchodilator confirming a persistent airflow obstruction
Published	02/10/2024	Carbon monoxide gas transfer is {{c1::increased}} in Asthma and {{c1::decreased}} in COPD due to alveolar reduction
Published	02/10/2024	Features of Chest X-Ray in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::Vascular hila (indicating pulmonary hypertension)}}{{c1::Hyperinflation (…
Published	02/10/2024	Measuring the Severity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::Severity of COPD correlates with lower FEV1}}{{c1::MRC Dyspnoea Scale in C…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Smoking cessation}} is the most effective way to delay the advancement of COPD
Published	02/10/2024	Classes of Medications for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::SABA - Short acting B2 agonist (e.g. Salbutamol, Terbutaline)}}{{c1::SAMA…
Published	02/10/2024	Step 1 Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::SABA (e.g. Salbutamol, Terbutaline) OR SAMA (e.g. Ipratropium)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Step 2 Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)If no asthmatic features: {{c1::LAMA (e.g. Tiotropium, Umeclidinium) and LABA (e.g. S…
Published	02/10/2024	Step 3 Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD){{c1::LABA (e.g. Salmeterol, Formoterol) + LAMA (e.g. Tiotropium, Umeclidinium) + ICS…
Published	02/10/2024	Indication for Long Term Oxygen Therapy (LTOT) in COPD{{c1::Stopped smoking for 6 months and persistent hypoxia with either:}}[1] {{c1::PaO2 <7.3 k…
Published	02/10/2024	Oxygen saturations are maintained within a certain range in COPD patients with {{c1::Venturi masks}} and {{c1::repeated ABGs}}
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