Notes in Vitamins

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/28/2024	Which vitamins are fat-soluble?{{c1::A, D, E, K::4}}
Published	07/28/2024	Is toxicity more common for water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins?{{c1::Fat-soluble (vitamins can accumulate in fat)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies may occur with {{c1::mineral oil}} intake, which can be used to treat constipation
Published	07/28/2024	Fat-soluble deficiencies may occur with syndromes that cause {{c1::steatorrhea}} (e.g. cystic fibrosis and sprue)
Published	07/28/2024	Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent on the {{c1::gut}} and {{c2::pancreas}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::A}} is also known as {{c2::retinol}}
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::retinal}} form of vitamin A is a constituent of {{c2::visual}} pigments
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::A}} is a co-factor for the synthesis of the visual pigment {{c1::rhodopsin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::A}} is essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (e.g. pancreatic cells, mucus sec…
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::A}} prevents {{c1::squamous}} metaplasia
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::A}} may be used to treat {{c1::measles}} and {{c2::acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin A is found in {{c1::liver}} and {{c2::leafy vegetables}}
Published	07/28/2024	Oral {{c2::isotretinoin}} (vitamin A) is used to treat severe cystic {{c1::acne}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin is used topically for wrinkles and acne? {{c1::Vitamin A}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::All-trans-retinoic acid}} (vitamin A) is used to treat {{c1::acute promyelocytic leukemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	One sign of vitamin {{c2::A}} deficiency is night {{c1::blindness (nyctalopia)}}
Published	07/28/2024	One sign of vitamin {{c2::A}} deficiency is dry, scaly {{c1::skin (xerosis cutis)}}
Published	07/28/2024	One sign of vitamin {{c2::A}} deficiency is corneal degeneration, known as {{c1::keratomalacia}}
Published	07/28/2024	One sign of vitamin {{c2::A}} deficiency is {{c1::bitot spots}} on conjunctiva due to {{c3::squamous}} metaplasia of corneal epithelium
Published	07/28/2024	What effect does vitamin A deficiency have on the immune system?{{c1::Immunosuppression}}
Published	07/28/2024	Acute vitamin {{c1::A}} toxicity presents with nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and blurred vision
Published	07/28/2024	Chronic vitamin {{c2::A}} toxicity may cause {{c1::alopecia::hair complication}} and dry skin
Published	07/28/2024	Chronic vitamin {{c2::A}} toxicity may cause {{c1::hepatic}} toxicity and enlargement
Published	07/28/2024	Chronic vitamin {{c2::A}} toxicity may cause {{c1::pseudotumor cerebri::CNS complication}}
Published	07/28/2024	Chronic vitamin {{c2::A}} toxicity may cause {{c1::arthralgias::joint complication}}
Published	07/28/2024	Which vitamin supplement may be contraindicated during pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects?{{c1::Vitamin A (isotretinoin)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Teratogenic effects of vitamin A include {{c1::cardiac}} abnormalities and {{c2::cleft palate}}
Published	07/28/2024	A negative {{c1::pregnancy}} test and {{c2::two}} forms of contraception are required before isotretinoin (vitamin A) is prescribed
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin A exerts its teratogenic effects by interfering with {{c1::homeobox}} genes
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B1}} is also known as {{c2::thiamine}}
Published	07/28/2024	What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B1? {{c1::Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase}} (glycolysis)
Published	07/28/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase}} (TCA cycle)
Published	07/28/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::transketolase}} (HMP shunt)
Published	07/28/2024	Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase}} (amino acid metabolism)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B1 (thiamine)}} deficiency causes impaired {{c1::glucose}} breakdown with consequent {{c2::ATP}} depletion
Published	07/28/2024	ATP depletion in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is worsened by {{c1::glucose}} infusion
Published	07/28/2024	Which tissues are affected first in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency? {{c1::Highly aerobic tissue (e.g. brain, heart)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B1 deficiency is seen in {{c1::alcoholism}} and {{c2::malnutrition}}
Published	07/28/2024	One complication of vitamin {{c2::B1}} deficiency is {{c1::Wernicke-Korsakoff}} syndrome
Published	07/28/2024	Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by a triad of {{c1::ophthalmoplegia}}, {{c2::ataxia}}, and {{c3::confusion}}
Published	07/28/2024	Is the memory loss associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome temporary or permanent? {{c1::Permanent}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B1}} deficiency is associated with wet and dry {{c1::beriberi}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c3::Wet}} beriberi is characterized by high-output cardiac failure ({{c1::dilated}} cardiomyopathy) and {{c2::edema}} +/- {{c3::dry}} beriberi sympt…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c3::Dry}} beriberi is characterized by {{c1::polyneuritis}} and symmetrical {{c2::muscle wasting}}
Published	07/28/2024	Diagnosis of B1 (thiamine) deficiency is made by measuring increased {{c1::transketolase}} activity in {{c2::red blood cells}} following thiamine admi…
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B2}} is also known as {{c2::riboflavin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a precursor to {{c1::FAD}} and {{c1::FMN}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is involved in many {{c1::redox}} reactions
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B2}} deficiency is characterized by {{c1::cheilosis}} and {{c2::corneal vascularization}}
Published	07/28/2024	Inflammation of the lips with scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth is known as {{c1::cheilosis}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B2}} deficiency may be associated with a(n) {{c1::magenta}}-colored tongue
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B3}} is also known as {{c2::niacin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a constituent of {{c2::NAD+}} and {{c2::NADP+}}
Published	07/28/2024	Synthesis of vitamin B3 (niacin) requires vitamins {{c1::B2}} and {{c2::B6}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is involved in many {{c1::redox}} reactions
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?{{c1::Vitamin B3 (niacin)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B3 (niacin) is used to treat {{c1::dyslipidemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	Mild deficiencies of vitamin B3 cause {{c1::glossitis}}
Published	07/28/2024	Severe deficiencies of vitamin {{c2::B3}} can lead to {{c1::pellagra}}
Published	07/28/2024	Pellagra (from severe B3 deficiency) may be caused by {{c1::Hartnup}} disease, {{c2::malignant carcinoid}} syndrome, and {{c3::isoniazid}} therapy
Published	07/28/2024	What is the mode of inheritance of Hartnup disease? {{c1::Autosomal recessive}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Hartnup}} disease is due to a deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters (especially {{c1::tryptophan}}) in the proximal renal tubular cells …
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Hartnup}} disease is characterized by neutral aminoaciduria and decreased neutral AA absorption (esp. tryptophan) from the gut
Published	07/28/2024	Hartnup disease is treated with a high-{{c1::protein}} diet and {{c2::nicotinic acid (niacin)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Malignant carcinoid syndrome is characterized by increased metabolism of the amino acid {{c1::tryptophan}}
Published	07/28/2024	Isoniazid therapy indirectly decreases vitamin {{c1::B3}} by decreasing levels of vitamin B6
Published	07/28/2024	What change in bowel movement is associated with pellagra (B3 deficiency)? {{c1::Diarrhea}}
Published	07/28/2024	What CNS complication is associated with pellagra (B3 deficiency)? {{c1::Dementia (also hallucinations)}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c3::Pellagra}} is a vitamin deficiency complication associated with {{c1::dermatitis}} in a(n) {{c2::C3/C4}} dermatome distribution
Published	07/28/2024	Pellagra (B3 deficiency) is associated with {{c1::hyper}}-pigmentation of sun-exposed limbs
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B3 (niacin)}} excess is characterized by {{c1::facial flushing}}; can be avoided by taking {{c2::NSAIDs}} if given 30-60 minutes before …
Published	07/28/2024	The facial flushing seen with vitamin B3 excess is mediated by {{c1::prostaglandins}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B3 (niacin)}} excess is associated with hyper-{{c1::glycemia}} and hyper-{{c2::uricemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B5}} is also known as {{c2::pantothenic acid}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B5 (pantothenic acid)}} is an essential component of {{c1::coenzyme A}} and fatty acid synthase
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B5}} deficiency (rare) presents with dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and {{c1::adrenal}} insufficiency
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B6}} is also known as {{c2::pyridoxine}}
Published	07/28/2024	What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B6? {{c1::Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin is used as a cofactor for transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and glycogen phosphorylase?{{c1::B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin is used as a cofactor for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, histamine, and neurotransmitters?{{c1::B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B6 deficiency may occur with {{c1::isoniazid}} and {{c2::oral contraceptive}} use
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::B6}} deficiency is characterized by {{c1::sideroblastic}} anemia and {{c3::peripheral neuropathy}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B7}} is also known as {{c2::biotin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for {{c1::carboxylation}} reactions
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}} (gluconeogenesis)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::acetyl-CoA carboxylase}} (fatty acid synthesis)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme {{c1::propionyl-CoA carboxylase}} (propionyl CoA metabolism)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B7 (biotin)}} deficiency may be caused by excessive ingestion of {{c1::raw eggs}}, which contain {{c2::avidin}}
Published	07/28/2024	In addition to ingestion of raw eggs, vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency may occur with {{c1::antibiotic}} use or {{c2::biotinidase}} deficiency
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency presents with {{c1::alopecia}}, macular dermatitis, mental status changes, enteritis, and lactic acidosis
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B9}} is also known as {{c2::folate}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) is converted to {{c1::tetrahydrofolate (THF)}}, a coenzyme for {{c2::1-carbon::#}} transfer/methylation reactions
Published	07/28/2024	Which vitamin is important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?{{c1::B9 (folate)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) is absorbed in the {{c1::jejunum}} of the small intestine
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) is found in {{c1::leafy green}} vegetables
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B9 (folate)}} is stored in the {{c2::liver}} for up to 3-4 {{c1::months}}
Published	07/28/2024	What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?{{c1::Folate (vitamin B9)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency most commonly occurs due to {{c1::pregnancy}}, {{c2::alcoholism}}, or drugs (e.g. phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate…
Published	07/28/2024	Supplemental maternal {{c2::folic acid}} in early pregnancy decreases risk of {{c1::neural tube}} defects
Published	07/28/2024	What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?{{c1::Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
Published	07/28/2024	Does vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency cause neurologic symptoms? {{c1::No}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::normal}} methylmalonic acid levels
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} homocysteine levels
Published	07/28/2024	A nonspecific symptom of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is {{c1::glossitis::tongue}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::B12}} is also known as {{c2::cobalamin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a cofactor for {{c1::methionine synthase}} and {{c2::methylmalonyl-CoA mutase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is found in {{c1::animal}} products
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is synthesized only by {{c1::microorganisms}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::B12 (cobalamin)}} is stored in the {{c2::liver}} for up to 3-4 {{c1::years}}
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of {{c1::pernicious}} anemia is lack of {{c2::intrinsic factor}}, which leads to vitamin {{c3::B12}} defi…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Anti-intrinsic factor}} antibodies are diagnostic for pernicious anemia
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of vitamin {{c2::B12}} deficiency is {{c1::gastric}} bypass surgery (ex. Roux-en-Y, Sleeve Gastrectomy)
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is damage to or resection of the {{c1::terminal ileum}} (e.g. Crohn disease)
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is insufficient intake, which may occur with {{c1::vegan}} diets
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is {{c1::malabsorption}} (e.g. sprue, enteritis)
Published	07/28/2024	What parasite is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency? {{c1::Diphyllobothrium latum}}
Published	07/28/2024	The Schilling test is useful in determining the etiology of vitamin {{c1::B12}} deficiency
Published	07/28/2024	What type of anemia is seen with vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?{{c1::Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::hypersegmented}} polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
Published	07/28/2024	Does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause neurologic symptoms?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} methylmalonic acid levels
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by {{c1::increased}} homocysteine levels
Published	07/28/2024	Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency causes irreversible {{c1::nerve}} damage
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::C}} is also known as {{c2::ascorbic acid}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::C}} keeps iron in the {{c1::Fe2+}} state which {{c3::increases}} absorption
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::C}} is necessary for {{c1::hydroxylation}} of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::C}} is necessary for the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin C is found in {{c1::fruits}} and {{c1::vegetables}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::C}} is used as an ancillary treatment for {{c2::methemoglobinemia}}
Published	07/28/2024	What pathology is associated with vitamin C deficiency?{{c1::Scurvy}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin deficiency is commonly characterized by swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, and hemarthrosis? {{c1::Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)}}
Published	07/28/2024	Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) is associated with poor {{c1::wound}} healing
Published	07/28/2024	Scurvy is associated with {{c1::perifollicular}} hemorrhages and {{c2::subperiosteal}} hemorrhages
Published	07/28/2024	Scurvy is associated with "{{c1::corkscrew}}" hair and loosening of the teeth
Published	07/28/2024	What effect does vitamin C deficiency have on the immune system?{{c1::Weakened immune response}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::increased}} bleeding time
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::normal}} PT and {{c1::increased}} PTT
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin C excess may cause {{c1::calcium oxalate}} nephrolithiasis
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::C}} excess can increase risk of {{c1::iron}} toxicity in predisposed individuals (e.g. those with transfusions, hemochromatosis)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::D2}}, known as ergocalciferol, is the form ingested from plants, fungi, and yeasts
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::D3}}, known as {{c2::cholecalciferol}}, is the form consumed in milk, fish, plants, and formed in sun-exposed skin
Published	07/28/2024	In which layer of sun-exposed skin is cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) formed?{{c1::Stratum basale}}
Published	07/28/2024	What is the storage form of vitamin D?{{c1::25-OH D3}}
Published	07/28/2024	What is the active form of vitamin D?{{c1::1,25-(OH)2 D3}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D {{c3::increases}} intestinal absorption of {{c1::calcium}} and {{c2::phosphate}}
Published	07/28/2024	At {{c2::low}} levels, vitamin D increases bone {{c1::mineralization}}
Published	07/28/2024	At {{c2::high}} levels, vitamin D increases bone {{c1::resorption}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::rickets}} in children; presents as bone pain and deformity
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::osteomalacia}} in adults; presents as bone pain, muscle weakness
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::D}} deficiency is associated with hypocalcemic {{c1::tetany}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin should be orally supplemented in breastfed infants? {{c1::Vitamin D}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D deficiency is exacerbated by {{c1::low}} sun exposure, {{c2::pigmented}} skin, and prematurity
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::D}} excess presents with {{c1::hyper}}-calcemia and {{c2::hyper}}-calciuria
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D excess may present with stupor and {{c1::decreased}} appetite
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin D excess is seen in {{c1::granulomatous}} diseases due to increased activation of vitamin D by {{c2::epithelioid macrophages}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::E}} is also referred to as {{c2::tocopherol}} or tocotrienol
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin E primarily functions as a(n) {{c1::antioxidant}}; protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::E}} can enhance the anticoagulant effects of {{c2::warfarin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c3::E}} deficiency may cause {{c1::hemolytic}} anemia and {{c2::acanthocytosis::cells}} (hematologic complications)
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin E deficiency may cause muscle {{c1::weakness}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamin deficiency has similar neurologic presentation to B12 deficiency but lacks megaloblastic anemia? {{c1::Vitamin E deficiency}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::K}} is also referred to as phytomenadione, phylloquinone, and phytonadione
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c2::K}} is a cofactor for the {{c1::γ-carboxylation}} of glutamic acid residues on various proteins required for blood clotting
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin K is synthesized by {{c1::colonic bacteria}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::K}} injection is given at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Published	07/28/2024	Does breast milk contain vitamin K?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin K deficiency may cause neonatal {{c1::hemorrhage}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin K deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::normal}} bleeding time
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin K deficiency is characterized by a(n) {{c1::increased}} PT and {{c1::increased}} PTT
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin K deficiency can occur after prolonged use of broad-spectrum {{c1::antibiotics}}
Published	07/28/2024	What vitamins function as antioxidants?{{c1::Vitamins A, C, and E::3}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Zinc}} is a mineral that is essential for the activity of 100+ enzymes
Published	07/28/2024	Zinc is a mineral that is important in the formation of {{c1::zinc fingers::transcription factor motif}}
Published	07/28/2024	Zinc deficiency is associated with delayed {{c1::wound}} healing
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Zinc}} deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with {{c1::hypo}}-gonadism
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Zinc}} deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with {{c1::decreased}} adult hair (axillary, facial, pubic)
Published	07/28/2024	What senses are impaired with zinc deficiency? {{c1::Taste (dysgeusia)}} and {{c2::smell (anosmia)}}
Published	07/28/2024	What mineral deficiency is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica? {{c1::Zinc deficiency}}
Published	07/28/2024	Zinc deficiency may predispose to alcoholic {{c1::cirrhosis}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Kwashiorkor}} is a malnutrition disorder that results from a(n) {{c2::protein}}-deficient diet
Published	07/28/2024	The symptoms of {{c1::Kwashiorkor}} may be remembered with the mnemonic "MEALS": M: MalnutritionE: {{c2::Edema}}A: {{c3::Anemia}}L: {{c4::Liver (fatty…
Published	07/28/2024	Kwashiorkor may present with edema (due to decreased plasma {{c1::oncotic}} pressure) and skin lesions
Published	07/28/2024	Kwashiorkor may present as liver malfunction with fatty change due to decreased {{c1::apolipoprotein}} synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	What malnutrition disorder presents as a small child with a swollen abdomen? {{c1::Kwashiorkor}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Marasmus}} is a malnutrition disorder that results from a(n) {{c2::calorie}}-deficient diet
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Marasmus}} is a malnutrition disorder characterized by emaciation with tissue and muscle wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat +/- edema
Published	07/28/2024	The neurologic symptoms seen in vitamin B12 deficiency are due to abnormal {{c1::myelin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with {{c1::paresthesias}} and {{c2::subacute combined degeneration}} (neurologic symptoms)
Published	07/28/2024	Subacute combined degeneration in vitamin B12 deficiency affects the {{c1::dorsal columns}}, {{c2::corticospinal tracts}}, and {{c3::spinocerebellar t…
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin E deficiency may cause {{c1::Posterior (Dorsal) Column}} and {{c2::Spinocerebellar tract}} demyelination
Published	07/28/2024	Achlorhydria can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency by preventing release of B12 from {{c1::food particles}}
Published	07/28/2024	One cause of vitamin {{c2::B12}} deficiency is {{c1::(SIBO) small intestinal bacterial}} overgrowth
Published	07/28/2024	In a patient with a Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency, B9 (Folate) supplementation will mask {{c1::hematological}} but not {{c1::neurological}} sympt…
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::D}} deficiency is seen in patients with malabsorption, decreased sun exposure, poor diet, and chronic kidney disease
Published	07/28/2024	Vitamin {{c1::E}} excess increases risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants
Published	07/28/2024	Nicotinamides (NAD+, NADP+) come from Vitamin {{c1::B3}}
Published	07/28/2024	Flavin nucleotides (FAD+) come from Vitamin {{c1::B2}}
Published	07/28/2024	Enteric bacteria (Gut flora) produce vitamins, particularly Vitamins {{c1::K}} and {{c1::B9}}
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