Notes in 1. Anatomy

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Published 02/10/2024 What are the four layers (tunics) found in Digestive organs?{{c1::MSMSMucosa}}{{c1::Submucosa}}{{c1::Muscularis externa}}{{c1::Serosa/Adventitia}}
Published 02/10/2024 What are the layers of Mucosa in GI?{{c1::Epithelium}} — absorption and synthesis of enzymes{{c1::Lamina propria}} — loose connective tissue + glands …
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Meissner's (parasympathetic)}} plexus is found in the {{c2::submucosal}} layer of the GI tract.
Published 02/10/2024 The epithelium in the {{c2::mouth}}, {{c2::esophagus}}, {{c2::anal canal}} is {{c1::stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinised)}}
Published 02/10/2024 The epithelium in the {{c2::stomach}}, {{c2::small intestine}} & {{c2::large intestine}} is {{c1::simple columnar epithelium}}
Published 02/10/2024 Outside peritoneal cavity, the {{c1::adventitia}} attaches {{c2::oesophagus}} and {{c2::rectum}} to surrounding structures
Published 02/10/2024 Inside peritoneal cavity, the {{c1::serosa}} surrounds {{c2::stomach}}, {{c2::small intestine}}, {{c2::large intestine}}
Published 02/10/2024 Muscularis externa is made up of two muscular layers — {{c1::inner circular muscle}} and {{c1::outer longitudinal muscle}}
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::circular muscle (inner layer)}} of muscularis externa functions by {{c2::constricting the lumen}}
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::longitudinal muscle (outer layer)}} of muscularis externa functions by {{c2::shortening the tube}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus}} is a plexus located between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the GI tract
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus}} and the {{c1::Myenteric plexus}} form the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) which is responsible for independent…
Published 02/10/2024 Autonomic control of GI is through both the {{c1::long (parasympathetic) reflex}} and {{c1::short (ENS) reflex}}.
Published 02/10/2024 PNS control of GI is through the {{c1::vagus nerve}} except for salivation which is through {{c2::facial (VII)}} and {{c2::glossopharyngeal …
Published 02/10/2024 SNS control of GI is through the {{c1::splanchic}} nerve except for salivation
Published 02/10/2024 Arterial supply to GI tract: The {{c2::Descending (abdominal) aorta}} divides into {{c1::celiac trunk}}, {{c1::superior mesenteric artery}},…
Published 02/10/2024 Arterial supply to GI tract: The {{c2::Celiac trunk}} supplies the {{c1::Stomach}}, {{c1::Small intestine}}, {{c1::Pancreas}}, {{c1::Liver}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Arterial supply to GI tract: the {{c2::Superior mesenteric artery}} supplies the {{c1::Small intestine}}, {{c1::Caecum}}, {{c1::Ascending colon}}…
Published 02/10/2024 Arterial supply to GI tract: the {{c2::Inferior mesenteric artery}} supplies the {{c1::Descending colon}}, {{c1::Sigmoid colon}}, {{c1::Rectum}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Venous drainage of the GI tract{{c2::Gastric veins}} drain the {{c1::Stomach}}
Published 02/10/2024 Venous drainage of the GI tract{{c2::Splenic vein}} drains the {{c1::Pancreas}}
Published 02/10/2024 Venous drainage of the GI tract{{c2::Superior mesenteric vein}} drains the {{c1::Small intestine}} ‒ {{c1::Caecum}} ‒ {{c1::Ascending colon}} ‒ {{c1::…
Published 02/10/2024 Venous drainage of the GI tract{{c2::Inferior mesenteric vein}} drains the {{c1::Descending colon}} ‒ {{c1::Sigmoid colon}} ‒ {{c1::Rectum}}
Published 02/10/2024 Venous drainage of the GI tract{{c1::Gastric veins}} ‒ {{c1::Splenic vein}} ‒ {{c1::SMV}} ‒ {{c1::IMV}} drain into the liver via the {{c2::Hepatic por…
Published 02/10/2024 Two processes that produce motility in the GI tract are {{c1::peristalsis}} and {{c1::segmentation}} which are caused as a result of the movement of t…
Published 02/10/2024 Peristalsis involves rhythmic contractions of the {{c1::longitudinal}} muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
Published 02/10/2024 Segmentation involves contractions of the {{c1::circular}} muscles in the digestive tract
Published 02/10/2024 The development of the primitive gut and its derivatives are generally divided into four sections:[1-2] {{c1::Foregut (Distal/Proximal)}}[3]&nbsp…
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the foregut are:[1] {{c1::the pharynx}}[2] {{c1::the lower respiratory system}}[3] {{c1::the esophagus}}[4] {{c1::the stomach}}[5] …
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the {{c2::foregut}}, except for the pharynx and the lower respiratory system, are supplied by the {{c1::celiac trunk}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The origin and level of the celiac trunk is the {{c1::abdominal aorta (T12)}}
Published 02/10/2024 The main branches of the celiac trunk are the:[1] {{c1::Left gastric}} artery — runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach[2] {{c1::Hepatic}} arte…
Published 02/10/2024 The lymph of the derivatives of the foregut is drained by the {{c1::celiac group of lymph nodes}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the midgut are:[1] {{c1::distal half of the duodenum}}[2] {{c1::the jejunum}}[3] {{c1::the ileum}}[4] {{c1::the cecu…
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the midgut are supplied by the {{c1::superior mesenteric artery}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The lymph of the derivatives of the midgut is drained by the {{c1::superior mesenteric group of lymph nodes}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the hindgut are:[1] {{c1::the distal one-third transverse colon}}[2] {{c1::the descending colon}}[3] {{c1::the sigmoid colon}}[4] {…
Published 02/10/2024 The derivatives of the hindgut are supplied by the {{c1::inferior mesenteric artery}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The lymph of the derivatives of the hindgut is drained by the {{c1::inferior mesenteric group of lymph nodes}}.
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Calot's Triangle}} is a triangle-shaped area located between common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and visceral surface of the liver.What's the…
Published 02/10/2024 Mention the structures that cause Oesophageal Constrictions: (ABCD){{c1::Arch of aorta}}{{c1::Bronchus (left main stem)}}{{c1::Cricoid cartilage}}{{c1…
Published 02/10/2024 Cervical constriction of the oesophagus due to {{c1::cricoid cartilage}} at the level of {{c1::C5/6}}
Published 02/10/2024 Thoracic constriction of the oesophagus due to {{c1::aortic arch/left main bronchus}} at the level of {{c1::T4/5}}
Published 02/10/2024 Abdominal constriction of the oesophagus due to the {{c1::diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus}} at the level of {{c1::T10/11}}
Published 02/10/2024 The stomach is divided into four parts:{{c1::Cardia}}{{c1::Fundus}}{{c1::Body}}{{c1::Pylorus}}
Published 02/10/2024 The stomach has two curvatures: {{c1::Lesser curvature}} {{c1::Greater curvature}}
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::Pyloric Sphincter}} controls discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum.
Published 02/10/2024 The main parts of the small intestine are the {{c1::duodenum}}, {{c1::jejunum}}, and {{c1::ileum}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The arterial supply to the duodenum is derived from two sources:[1] Proximal to the major duodenal papilla, is from the {{c1::gastroduodenal…
Published 02/10/2024 The veins of the duodenum follow the major arteries and drain into the {{c1::hepatic portal vein}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Lymphatic drainage of the duodenum is to the {{c1::pancreatoduodenal}} and {{c1::superior mesenteric}} lymph nodes
Published 02/10/2024 The 2nd part of the duodenum receives two ducts with important roles in digestion:{{c1::Bile}} duct and {{c1::Pancreatic}} duct
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Duodenal Ulcers}} which are inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall, mostly occur in the 1st part of the duodenum.
Published 02/10/2024 The arterial supply to the jejunoileum is from the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery.
Published 02/10/2024 The venous drainage of the jejunoileum is via the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} vein.
Published 02/10/2024 Lymphatic drainage of the jejunoileum is into the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} lymph nodes.
Published 02/10/2024 Name some differences between Jejunum and Ileum{{c1::}}
Published 02/10/2024 The appendix originates from the {{c1::posteromedial}} aspect of the cecum.
Published 02/10/2024 The most common position of the appendix is {{c1::Retrocecal}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Macburney's point}} is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis.
Published 02/10/2024 The characteristic features of the large intestine (colon) include:[1] {{c1::Omental appendices}} — small, fatty projections[2] {{c1::Tenaie coli}} — …
Published 02/10/2024 The blood supply of Gallbladder is the {{c1::Cystic}} artery which lies in the Triangle of Calot.
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::pancreas}} is an abdominal glandular organ with both digestive (exocrine) and hormonal (endocrine) functions.
Published 02/10/2024 The pancreas is made up of:[1] {{c1::Head}}[2] {{c1::Neck}}[3] {{c1::Body}}[4] {{c1::Tail}}
Published 02/10/2024 Parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs:[1] {{c1::Vagus nerve (X)}}[2] {{c1::Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4)}}
Published 02/10/2024 Sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs:[1] {{c1::Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least)}}[2] {{c1::Prevertebral sympatheti…
Published 02/10/2024 Level of the greater abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve → {{c1::T5-T9}}
Published 02/10/2024 Level of the lesser splanchnic nerve → {{c1::T10-T11}}
Published 02/10/2024 Level of the least abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve → {{c1::T12}}
Published 02/10/2024 The origin and level of the superior mesenteric artery is the {{c1::abdominal aorta (L1)}}
Published 02/10/2024 The superior mesenteric artery is crossed anteriorly by {{c1::splenic vein}} and {{c1::neck of pancreas}}
Published 02/10/2024 The main branches of the superior mesenteric artery are the:[1] {{c1::Jejunal}} artery[2] {{c1::Ileal}} artery
Published 02/10/2024 The secondary branches of the superior mesenteric artery are the:[1] {{c1::middle colic}} artery[2] {{c1::right colic}} artery[3] {{c1::Ileo…
Published 02/10/2024 The origin and level of the inferior mesenteric artery is the {{c1::abdominal aorta (L3)}}
Published 02/10/2024 The main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery are the:[1] {{c1::Left colic}} artery[2] {{c1::Sigmoid}} arteries[3] {{c1::Superior rect…
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::superior rectal}} artery is the terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery.
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c2::portal}} vein forms from the union of {{c1::splenic}} vein with the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} vein.What is its function?
Published 02/10/2024 The location and level of the portal vein is {{c1::behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)}}
Published 02/10/2024 Sites of porto-systemic (portocaval) anastomoses:[1] {{c1::Anorectal junction}}[2] {{c1::Gastroesophageal junction}}[3] {{c1::Paraumbilical}…
Published 02/10/2024 Mention some conditions that happen due to blood backflow during portal vein blockage[1] {{c1::Haemorrhoids}}[2] {{c1::Esophageal varices}}[…
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::thoracic duct}} receives most of the lymph from the abdominal wall and organs.
Published 02/10/2024 The Pre-aortic lumbar nodes include {{c1::coeliac}}, {{c1::superior mesenteric}}, {{c1::inferior mesenteric}} nodes.They drain the organs that ar…
Published 02/10/2024 The Lateral aortic lumbar nodes drain the organs that are supplied by the {{c1::lateral}} aortic branches
Published 02/10/2024 The Retro-aortic lumbar nodes drain the {{c1::posterior abdominal wall}}
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Published 02/10/2024 Dermatome of the umbilicus is {{c1::T10}}Vertebral level of the umbilicus is {{c1::L3/L4}} vertebrae
Published 02/10/2024 Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal wall:[1] {{c1::External oblique}}[2] {{c1::Internal oblique}}[3] {{c1::Transversus abdominis}}[4] {{c1::Rectus …
Published 02/10/2024 External obliqueOrientation: {{c1::Inferomedially}}Action: {{c2::Flexion and rotation of trunk}}Innervation: {{c3::anterior rami of thoraco-abdominal …
Published 02/10/2024 Internal obliqueOrientation: {{c1::Obliquely orientated, perpendicular to external oblique}}Action: {{c2::Flexion and rotation of trunk}}Innervation: …
Published 02/10/2024 Transversus abdominisOrientation: {{c1::Horizontally}}Action: {{c2::Compresses and supports abdominal viscera}}Innervation: {{c3::anterior rami of tho…
Published 02/10/2024 Rectus abdominisOrientation: {{c1::Parallel}}Action: {{c2::Flexion of trunk and compression of abdominal viscera}}Innervation: {{c3::anterior rami of …
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Published 02/10/2024 The rectus sheath is formed from the aponeuroses of three muscles. List them in order from superficial to deep:1. {{c1::External obliques}}2. {{c1::In…
Published 02/10/2024 The rectus sheath encloses two muscles:1. {{c1::Rectus abdominis}}2. {{c1::Pyramidalis muscles}}
Published 02/10/2024 In the centre of the rectus sheath is a horizontal line of connective tissue called the {{c1::Linea alba}}. It splits the rectus abdominis into t…
Published 02/10/2024 The only function of the {{c2::pyramidalis}} muscle is to tense {{c1::Linea alba}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The line labelled A, where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends is called the {{c1::arcuate line}}. 
Published 02/10/2024 Superficial arteries of the anterior abdominal wall:[1] {{c1::Superior epigastric}} artery which arises from the {{c2::internal thoracic}} artery…
Published 02/10/2024 Superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall:[1] {{c1::Superior epigastric}} vein which drains to the {{c2::internal thoracic}} vein[2] {{c1:…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Caput medusa}} is the formation of dilated abdominal wall veins due to portal hypertension which extend from the umbilicus. 
Published 02/10/2024 Above the umbilicus the lymphatic drainage goes to the {{c1::axillary lymph nodes}}.
Published 02/10/2024 Below the umbilicus the lymphatic drainage goes to the {{c1::superficial inguinal lymph nodes}}. 
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::Inguinal Canal}} is a short passage that extends through the inferior part of the abdominal wall. It is {{c2::superior}} and {{c2::parallel}…
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c2::inguinal ligament}} originates at the {{c1::anterior superior iliac spine}} and attaches to the {{c1::pubic tubercle}}.
Published 02/10/2024 The inguinal ligament is formed from the inferior border of the aponeurosis of the {{c1::external oblique}}
Published 02/10/2024 Key features of the inguinal canal:Opening → the {{c1::deep inguinal ring}}Exit → the {{c1::superficial inguinal ring}}
Published 02/10/2024 The superficial inguinal ring is a break in the aponeurosis of the {{c1::external oblique}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Mid-inguinal point}} is a point located halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine. The femoral pulse can be palp…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Midpoint of the inguinal ligament}} is a point located halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (the two attachm…
Published 02/10/2024 The anatomical point used surgically to determine the location of the deep inguinal ring is the {{c1::Midpoint of the inguinal ligament}} 
Published 02/10/2024 The deep inguinal ring is an oval shaped opening in which muscle layer’s fascia? {{c1::Transversalis fascia}}
Published 02/10/2024 The contents of the inguinal canal in a biological male:[1] {{c1::Spermatic cord}}[2] {{c1::Illioinguinal nerve}}[3] Blood and lymphatics
Published 02/10/2024 The contents of the inguinal canal in a biological female:[1] {{c1::Round ligament of uterus}}[2] {{c1::Illioinguinal nerve}}[3] Blood and lymphatics
Published 02/10/2024 Layers of the spermatic cord:{{c1::Internal spermatic fascia}} is derived from the {{c2::transversalis fascia}}.Both the {{c1::Cremasteric fascia}} an…
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Published 02/10/2024 Muscles of the Posterior and Superior Abdominal Wall:[1] {{c1::Quadratus Lumborum}} → action is extension and flexion of the vertebral column[2] {{c1:…
Published 02/10/2024 Action of Quadratus Lumborum is {{c1::extension and flexion of the vertebral column}}
Published 02/10/2024 Action of Psoas Major is {{c1::flexion of the thigh at the hip and lateral flexion of the vertebral column}}
Published 02/10/2024 Action of lliacus is {{c1::flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::IVC hiatus}} is an opening in the diaphragm located at {{c2::T8}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Esophageal hiatus}} is an opening in the diaphragm located at {{c2::T10}}
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Aortic hiatus}} is an opening in the diaphragm located at {{c2::T12}}
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Published 02/10/2024 The thoracic duct goes through the diaphragm via the {{c1::Aortic hiatus}}
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::foregut}} runs from the {{c2::abdominal oesophagus}} to the {{c2::major duodenal papilla}}(including liver, gall bladder, spleen, and pancre…
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::midgut}} runs from the below the {{c2::major duodenal papilla}} to the {{c2::two-thirds of transverse colon}}
Published 02/10/2024 The {{c1::hindgut}} runs from the {{c2::last third of transverse colon}} to the {{c2::midway of the anal canal}}
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Published 02/10/2024 The abdominal aorta divides into 2 common iliac arteries at {{c1::L4-L5}} vertebral level
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Published 02/10/2024 What vessels merge to form the IVC? {{c1::The left and right common iliac veins}}
Published 02/10/2024 The inferior mesenteric vein drains to the {{c1::splenic}} vein
Published 02/10/2024 There are two drainage systems in the body: → the {{c1::portal}} system and the {{c1::systemic}} system. 
Published 02/10/2024 Blood from the gut tube superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the pelvic floor drains via the {{c1::systemic venous system}}. 
Published 02/10/2024 Blood from the abdominopelvic gastrointestinal tract drains via the {{c1::portal system}} to the liver.
Published 02/10/2024 Lymphatic drainage:If a vessel comes out of the aorta anteriorly then the nodes are called {{c1::‘pre-aortic’}} nodes.If a vessel protrudes at either …
Published 02/10/2024 Pain regional reference:Foregut → tends to refer to the {{c1::epigastric}} regionMidgut → tends to refer to the {{c1::umbilical}} regionHindgut →…
Published 02/10/2024 The lumbar plexus emerges from {{c1::anterior/ventral rami of T12-L4::Root}} and is formed within the {{c1::psoas major}} muscle.
Published 02/10/2024 Iliohypogastric nerveRoot: {{c1::T12-L1}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::internal oblique}} and {{c2::transversus abdominis}}.Sensory functions:…
Published 02/10/2024 Ilioinguinal nerveRoot: {{c1::L1}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::internal oblique}} and {{c2::transversus abdominis}}.Sensory functions: Innerv…
Published 02/10/2024 Genitofemoral nerveRoot: {{c1::L1-L2}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::cremasteric muscle}} Sensory functions:Genital branch → Innervat…
Published 02/10/2024 Lateral Cutaneous nerve of thighRoot: {{c1::L2-L3}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::none}}Sensory functions: Innervates the {{c3::anterior}}…
Published 02/10/2024 Obturator nerveRoot: {{c1::L2-L4}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::muscles of the medial thigh}} Sensory functions: Innervates the {{c3…
Published 02/10/2024 Femoral nerveRoot: {{c1::L2-L4}}Motor functions: Innervates the {{c2::muscles of the anterior thigh}}Sensory functions: Innervates the skin …
Published 02/10/2024 Nerves of the lumbar plexus:I, I Get Leftovers On Fridays.[1] {{c1::Iliohypogastric}}[2] {{c1::Ilioinguinal}}[3] {{c1::Genito…
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Iliohypogastric nerve ‒ T12, L1}}
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Ilioinguinal nerve ‒ L1}}
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Genitofemoral nerve ‒ L1, L2}}
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ‒ L2, L3}}
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Obturator nerve ‒ L2, L3, L4}}
Published 02/10/2024 Name the nerve highlighted in green and its root:{{c1::Femoral nerve ‒ L2, L3, L4}}
Published 02/10/2024 Summarise the arterial supply, lymph drainage and referred pain sites for the Foregut ‒ Midgut ‒ Hindgut{{c1:: }}
Published 02/10/2024 The kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall at the level of {{c1::T12-L3}} vertebrae
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Published 02/10/2024 53ea32814c7944f7ac1f443942d44830-ao-2
Published 02/10/2024 53ea32814c7944f7ac1f443942d44830-ao-3
Published 02/10/2024 The term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter? {{c1::Renal pelvis}}
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