Notes in Cog Neuro

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For NRSC 2249

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::White}} matter is made of {{c2::myelinated axons}} and glia.{{c1::Grey}} matter is made of {{c2::neuron cell bodies}} and glia.
Published	09/10/2024	Ways to modify an action potential are {{c1::adding myelin to the axon, increasing neurotransmitter "dump", or increasing the receptors on the dendrit…
Published	09/10/2024	When coding by spike rate, an {{c1::electrode}} is inserted into the brain to "listen" for AP.• If neurons in that brain area are involved in a task, …
Published	09/10/2024	The front of the brain is called {{c1::rostral}}
Published	09/10/2024	The back of the brain is called {{c1::caudal}}
Published	09/10/2024	You can use AP to figure out what the brain is doing, and what information it responds to the most. How do we do this?{{c1::We can put electrodes into…
Published	09/10/2024	Longer range axons are {{c1::more}} myelin than shorter range
Published	09/10/2024	Astrocytes are {{c1::similar}} in size to neurons
Published	09/10/2024	Astrocytes {{c1::provide nutrients::purpose}} from {{c1::blood}}, maintain {{c1::iron}} balance, and {{c1::send signals to other glia}}
Published	09/10/2024	Oligodendrocytes can myelinate {{c1::multiple::one or many}} axons at once
Published	09/10/2024	Oligodendrocytes form {{c1::myelin::what}} around {{c1::neurons in the CNS}} to {{c1::speed up AP and limit plasticity}}It is crucial for brain {{c1::…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3995:top=.0688:width=.1649:height=.0791:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6074:top=.2007:width=.1564:height=.084…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0463:top=.2581:width=.1106:height=.0631:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7386:top=.0822:width=.168:height=.0727…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0404:top=.0347:width=.2921:height=.1609:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3875:top=.0462:width=.2268:height=.157…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Ventricles}} are helpful for navigating the brain (landmarks)
Published	09/10/2024	4 roles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): {{c1::ProtectionBuoyancyNutritionWaste removal}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7827:top=.009:width=.2027:height=.312:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7878:top=.4524:width=.2096:height=.1642:…
Published	09/10/2024	Axons carrying the same information all travel {{c1::together in a bundle or pathway in spinal cord}}• Sensory input from the body {{c1::ascends}} to …
Published	09/10/2024	Each {{c1::spinal cord level}} innervates a different part of the body
Published	09/10/2024	Each spinal cord level has a different {{c1::shape and size}}
Published	09/10/2024	There is more white matter in the cervical level than in the sacral level because {{c1::afferent axons branch off at each stage}}
Published	09/10/2024	There is more gray matter in the levels that have {{c1::more}} innveration (such as for the arms and legs}. There are more sensory cell bodies in the …
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1057:top=.012:width=.2182:height=.0733:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.616:top=.0181:width=.2371:height=.057:o…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5082:top=.262:width=.2482:height=.0344:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5016:top=.5258:width=.2286:height=.0249…
Published	09/10/2024	The swelling of the lumbar segment of the spinal cord is due to {{c1::innervation of the legs}}
Published	09/10/2024	There is more {{c1::gray}} matter where more neural control is needed
Published	09/10/2024	The brainstem:{{c1::Ascending and descending}} pathways {{c1::to/from}} body and brain• Nuclei important for {{c1::sleep, heart rate, breathing, neuro…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1669:top=.26:width=.1679:height=.0765:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6396:top=.2639:width=.1588:height=.0822:…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0266:top=.2207:width=.2062:height=.5979:oi=1}}
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0249:top=.0474:width=.1735:height=.1296:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0215:top=.2146:width=.1598:height=.129…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0249:top=.6313:width=.2509:height=.137:oi=1}}
Published	09/10/2024	The dorsal columns allow us to see {{c1::how information in the world enters the mind}}
Published	09/10/2024	In the dorsal column: Information can be changed {{c1::(simplified, integrated, turned off)}} at each {{c1::synapse}}
Published	09/10/2024	Synapses in dorsal column nucleus:{{c1::Gracile}} for lower body{{c1::Cuneate}} for upper body
Published	09/10/2024	Primary neuron: cell body in {{c1::dorsal root ganglion}}, synapses in {{c1::dorsal column nucleus: Gracile for lower body, Cuneate for upper body}}Se…
Published	09/10/2024	The thalamic nucleus needed for touch is called the {{c1::ventralposterior lateral nucleus}}
Published	09/10/2024	Sensory neuron has cell body in the {{c1::DRG}} -> second neuron has a cell body in the {{c1::cuneate nucleus (or gracilis) and crosses the midline…
Published	09/10/2024	The Corticospinal tract {{c1::sends information about conscious motor control from brain to body}}Primary neuron: cell body in {{c1::motor cortex…
Published	09/10/2024	In the corticospinal tract, the axon of primary neuron travels to the {{c1::corona radiata, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, vent…
Published	09/10/2024	Sensory and motor neurons cross over in the {{c1::medulla oblongata}}
Published	09/10/2024	Excitation occurs due to {{c1::glutamate::neurotransmitter}}Inhibition occurs due to {{c1::GABA::neurotransmitter}}
Published	09/10/2024	Dopamine is synthesized in the {{c1::substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area (VTA)}}
Published	09/10/2024	Dopamine has projections to:{{c1::Striatum}}: {{c2::mostly substantia nigra, important in motor control and reward}}{{c1::cortex (frontal lobe)}}: {{c…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::Substantia nigra::area of the brain}} neurons die in Parkinson’s disease
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::The pons}}
Published	09/10/2024	Norepinephrine is synthesized in the {{c1::locus coeruleus}}
Published	09/10/2024	Norepinephrine is implicated in {{c1::arousal, stress, attention, memory}}
Published	09/10/2024	Serotonin is synthesized by {{c1::the raphe nuclei}}
Published	09/10/2024	Serotonin is implicated in {{c1::mood, memory, &pain suppression}}. Acted upon by {{c1::many antidepressants and anxiolytics::drugs}}
Published	09/10/2024	More than half the neurons in your brain are in the {{c1::cerebellum}}
Published	09/10/2024	In order of how diffuse it is in the brainstem {{c1::dopamine, which is localized to the substantia nigra and the VTA, norepinephrine, and then seroto…
Published	09/10/2024	The cerebellum works to help {{c1::modulate/choreographongoing movement & thoughts}}
Published	09/10/2024	The cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum is {{c1::the same all over (size/number of layers)::consistent/different}}
Published	09/10/2024	The {{c1::cerebellum}} is in charge of quality control:• {{c1::Upper motor neuron::kind of neuron}} in {{c1::primary motor cortex::location}} synapses…
Published	09/10/2024	Flocculonodular lobe- {{c1::+ vermis= Vestibulocerebellum::AKA the}}- {{c1::Balance and eye movements::Responsible for}}- Input: {{c1::vestibular nucl…
Published	09/10/2024	Anterior lobe- {{c1::Spinocerebellum::AKA the}}- {{c1::Movement coordination, motor execution, especially for walking:: responsible for}}- Input re: {…
Published	09/10/2024	Posterior lobe- {{c1::Cerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum::AKA the}}- Responsible for {{c1::motor planning}}- Input from {{c1::cortex}}- Output to {{c1…
Published	09/10/2024	Three deep nuclei: {{c1::- Fastigial: output of vestibulocerebellum (vermis)- Interposed: output of spinocerebellum- Dentate: output of cerebrocerebel…
Published	09/10/2024	Three peduncles (groups of axons):{{c1::- Superior: mostly efferent, output to cortex- Middle: afferent, input from cortex via pons- Inferior: efferen…
Published	09/10/2024	Which is which subdivision of there cerebellum:1. Balance and eye movement: {{c1::vestibulocerebellum/flocculonodular lobe}}2. Walking: {{c1::spinocer…
Published	09/10/2024	The cerebral peduncles are in the {{c1::midrain}} and {{c1::carry axons for the corticospinal tract}}The cerebellar peduncles {{c1::carry input and ou…
Published	09/10/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0112:top=.0681:width=.2526:height=.0713:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0266:top=.1736:width=.2216:height=.059…
Published	09/10/2024	Three layers of cerebellar cortex: {{c1::Molecular layer• Axons, interneuronsPurkinje layer• Single row of cells• Project to the deep nuclei&nbsp…
Published	09/10/2024	Marr-Albus-Ito motor learning theory:Both inputs are {{c1::excitatory}}• {{c1::Climbing fibers}} from {{c1::inferior olive}}• {{c1::Mossy fibers}} fro…
New Card	09/11/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3943:top=.1828:width=.1512:height=.0765:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4253:top=.2863:width=.0808:height=.081…
New Card	09/11/2024	The {{c1::caudate nucleus and the putamen}} together are called the {{c2::striatum}}, and they are joined by the {{c2::nucleus accumbems}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Damage to which part of the cerebellum causes an uncoordinated walk with a broad base (like drunk)?{{c1::flocculonodular (balance) or anterior (gait/w…
New Card	09/11/2024	Damage to which part of the cerebellum causes intention tremors?{{c1::Posterior lobe, or neocerebellum/cerebrocerebellum}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Nystagmus is {{c1::involuntary side-to-side eye movements}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Nystagmus is caused by damage to which part of the cerebellum?{{c1::flocculonodular love, because of damage to the vertibular system}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Damgage to which part of the cerebellum causes distrubances of muscle tone and posture?{{c1:: Anterior lobe because it is in charge of maintaning post…
New Card	09/11/2024	Non-motor problems of the cerebeullum:{{c1::mood, language, and executive functions}}
New Card	09/11/2024	{{c2::Cortex, cerebellum, & basal ganglia}} play complementary roles in {{c1::thought & action}}
New Card	09/11/2024	The basal ganglia select {{c1::the best cortical output}} based on {{c1::most practiced and most rewarded (dopamine) option}}
Published	09/12/2024	Different parts of the thalamus send outputs to different parts of cortex• {{c1::Ventral posterior lateral nucleus}} sends output to {{c2::p…
Published	09/12/2024	This is the {{c1::caudate nucleus}}
Published	09/12/2024	This is the {{c1::caudate nucleus}}
Published	09/12/2024	The structure in pink is the {{c1::caudate nucleus}}
Published	09/12/2024	This is the {{c1::putamen}}
Published	09/12/2024	This is the {{c1::putamen}}
New Card	09/11/2024	This is the {{c1::globus pallidus}}
Published	09/11/2024	This is the {{c1::globus pallidus}}
New Card	09/11/2024	This is the {{c1::substantia nigra}}
New Card	09/11/2024	The thalamus is {{c2::inhibited}} by the {{c1::GP internal}}. You need the {{c1::striatum}} to {{c2::inhibit}} the {{c1::GP internal}} to {{c1::allow …
New Card	09/11/2024	In the STOP pathway, we add another negative. We add in the {{c1::GP external}}, which will then {{c1::de-inhibit}} the {{c1::GP internal}}, which sto…
New Card	09/11/2024	Precentral gyrus:{{c1::Primary motor cortex}}Postcentral gyrus:{{c1::Primary sensory cortex}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Huntington’s is characterized by {{c1::too little control (too much ”go”)}} and Parkinson’s by {{c1::difficulty initiating actions (not enough “go”)}}
New Card	09/11/2024	Huntington’s disease• Genetic disease causing {{c1::death of cells all over the brain}}, especially in the {{c1::striatum}}• Early signs: {{c1::l…
New Card	09/11/2024	Parkinson’s disease• Loss of {{c1::dopaminergic cells}} in {{c1::substantia nigra}}• Can be treated by {{c1::increasing dopamine with drugs, or by ele…
New Card	09/12/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1369:top=.1495:width=.6792:height=.827:oi=1}}
New Card	09/12/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1707:top=.1531:width=.6657:height=.8273:oi=1}}
New Card	09/16/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4066:top=.0363:width=.1259:height=.0759:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0136:top=.6368:width=.1014:height=.114…
New Card	09/18/2024	The autonomic nervous system controls:{{c1::4 Fs: fighting, feeding, fleeing, & ...•the viscera (non-skeletal muscle)}}
New Card	09/18/2024	The autonomic nervous system has {{c1::2}} divisions with {{c1::complementary}} roles• {{c1::Parasympathetic}} system: Preserves energy• {{c1::Sympath…
New Card	09/18/2024	Parasympathetic: Rest and digest, {{c1::Craniosacral}}Sympathetic: Fight or flight, {{c1::Thoracolumbar}}
New Card	09/18/2024	Hypothalamus is a {{c1::collection of nuclei with control over autonomic nervous & hormone secretion}}
New Card	09/18/2024	Korsakoff Syndrome• Caused by {{c1::thiamine}} deficiency, most commonly in {{c1::alcoholism}}• Damage to {{c1::mammillary bodies and limbic thalamus}…
New Card	09/18/2024	Toxoplasmosis• {{c1::Parasite that lives in cat guts}}• Infects the {{c1::amygdalae}} of {{c1::rats}} and {{c1::makes them unafraid of cats}}• May hav…
New Card	09/18/2024	Kluver-Bucy Syndrome{{c1::Bilateral}} lesions of {{c1::medial temporal lobe}} can lead to:{{c1::• Hyperphagia• Hypersexuality, indiscriminate mating• …
New Card	09/18/2024	Cortex has {{c1::6}} layers
New Card	09/18/2024	The cortical layers have both inputs and outputsInputs{{c2::IV}}: {{c1::Thalamus}}{{c2::II-VI}}: {{c1::Brainstem}}{{c2::I-V}}: {{c1::Cortex }}Out…
New Card	09/18/2024	Layer {{c1::IV}} is the major {{c2::input}} layer in cortex. Layer {{c1::V}} is the primary {{c2::output}} later in cortex
Status	Last Update	Fields