Notes in Lecture Clinical Lab Testing

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Published	08/28/2024	The reference range should cover {{c1::95% of the values obtained from healthy subjects}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Specific test}} = {{c2::(TN/TN+FP)}} and tests {{c3::how many individuals without the disease will be negative by the test}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::High positive predictive value}} = {{c2::PPV = TP/ (TP+FP)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Types of specimen collection include {{c1::whole blood, plasma, or serum}}
Published	08/28/2024	WBC = {{c1::white blood cell}}, and typically you want to be looking for the {{c2::differential/changes in the count}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Enzymes LAAAG}} test for organ damage
Published	08/28/2024	LAAAG stands for {{c1::LDH, AST, ALT, ALK PHOS, GGT}}
Published	08/28/2024	All LAAAG enzymes have origins from the {{c1::liver}}
Published	08/28/2024	Make sure to memorize this table:{{c1::All LAAAG}} enzymes have origins from the liver{{c1::AAG }} enzymes have originations from the kidney{{c2:…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Troponin 1}} is used to monitor {{c2::cardiac muscle necrosis and possible MI }}
Published	08/28/2024	There are two types of aminotransferases markers, which are {{c1::ALT and AST.}}
Published	08/28/2024	Both AST and ALT have tissue sources from {{c1::the liver and kidney}}, but AST also has sources from the {{c1::heart, muslce, brain, lung}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::DeRitis ratio}} = AST:ALT and is usually {{c2::less than 1}}
Published	08/28/2024	LDH has 5 isoenzymes, called {{c1::LDH1-LDH5}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::LDH1 and 2}} consist of the: {{c2::heart, RBCs, kidney}}{{c1::LDH3}} consist of the {{c3::lung, spleen, lymphocytes, pancreas}}{{c1::LDH4 a…
Published	08/28/2024	If LDH1 {{c1::>}} {{c3::LDH2}}, then it is indicative of {{c2::heart or kidney infarctions and hemolysis}}
Published	08/28/2024	Serum levels of LDH are in the order of {{c1::2 > 1 > 3 > 4 > 5}} from greatest to least
Published	08/28/2024	Hormones of the endocrine system include:{{c1::FLAT PEG hormonesTestosteroneEstrogen / ProgesteroneInsulin / GlucagonPTH}}
Published	08/28/2024	Thyroid produces 2 hormones, {{c1::T4 / thyroxine (PRIMARY THYROID HORMONE)}} and {{c1::T3 / triiodothyronine}}
Published	08/28/2024	Synthesis of T4 + T3 has 4 total steps: {{c1::Iodide trapping → oxidation → organification → coupling}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Hemoglobin A1c}} monitors long term {{c2::glucose levels}}
Published	08/28/2024	There are two tests for inflammation:{{c1::CRP - C-reactive protein for acute inflammation}}{{c1::Sed rate (ESR) - for chronic inflammation}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::ESR = Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate}} and is the {{c2::distance in mm RBC falls in 1 hour}}
Published	08/28/2024	There are 4 major lipids: {{c1::Fatty acids, Triglycerides, phospholipids, Cholesterol}}
Published	08/28/2024	Out of the 4 lipids, {{c1::fatty acids}} are the biggest source of energy but are mostly bound to TG
Published	08/28/2024	There are two types of cholesterols:{{c1::LDLHDL}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol}} are all tested during lipid testing
Published	08/28/2024	Most common lipid testing method is the {{c1::Field method {{c2::(enzymatic oxidation)}}}}
Published	08/28/2024	Errors within the total testing process:{{c1::Preanalytical → 46-68%Analytical → 7-13%Postanalytical → 19-47%}}
Published	08/28/2024	MCV measures red blood cell {{c1::volume}}.
Published	08/28/2024	MCHC measures {{c1::hemoglobin concentration}}
Published	08/28/2024	Out of range neutrophil levels suggest {{c1::bacterial}} infections
Published	08/28/2024	Out of range lymphocyte levels suggest {{c1::viral}} infections, {{c1::autoimmune problems}}
Published	08/28/2024	BMP stands for {{c1::basic metabolic profile}}
Published	08/28/2024	Do not transfuse patients over Hb {{c1::10.0g}}. Indications for transfusion if Hb is less than {{c1::7.0g}}. Treat the patient's {{c1::clinical condi…
Published	08/28/2024	sensitivity is helpful in ruling {{c1::out}} disease
Published	08/28/2024	specificity is helpful for ruling {{c1::in}} disease.
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