Notes in 01Eye

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Image projected onto the retina is {{c1::upside down, reversed, and real::3 characteristics}}
Published	07/30/2024	The refractive indices of air and {{c1::cornea::part of the eye}} have the greatest difference; hence the MOST REFRACTION occurs here
Published	07/30/2024	Air has a refractive index of {{c1::1}} and the image is in upright position
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::vitreous humor::part of the eye}} helps focus light on the retina. In this medium, image will appear upright but inverts as light ray crosses it
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retina::part of the eye}} receives light and processes it. In this part, the image looks {{c2::inverse}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::False::T/F}}: An Image should be inverted so that our eyes would be allowed to se images smaller than the size of the pupil
Published	07/30/2024	AirCorneaAqueous HumorPupilLensVitreous HumorRetina
Published	07/30/2024	Photoreceptors (Rods and Cones)Bipolar CellsGanglion CellsInterneurons (Horizontal and Amacrine)Fovea CentralisOptic Disc
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rods::Photoreceptor}} detects low light, moving, peripheral, twilight, and generally low light level vision (Black and White)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cones::Photoreceptor}} detect colored, detailed, daylight vision
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bipolar cells}} are second-order long-projection neurons that connect photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells for signal conduction
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ganglion cells::cells}} are the retina's main output neuron that converges to form the optic nerve (CN II) and conveys output signals from bipol…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Horizontal cells::interneuron}} functions for lateral communication between rod and cone cells via horizontal conveyance. It also helps in adjus…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amacrine cells:: interneuron}} may connect with bipolar cells to ganglion cells allowing direct communication and also functions for horizontal …
Published	07/30/2024	Optic Nerve (CN II)Optic ChiasmOptic TractLateral Geniculate Nucleus of ThalamusOptic RadiationPrimary Visual Cortex
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nasal Fiber Tract::Tract}} [Medial Half] receives light rays from lateral/temporal part of the visual field
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Temporal Fiber Tract::Tract}} [Medial Half] receives light rays from central/medial/nasal part of the visual field
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus}} is at the {{c2::posteroventral region of thalamic nuclei (Metathalamus)::nucleus}} nuclei that rec…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Optic radiation}} contains axons from the lateral geniculate body and conveys it to the {{c2::primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe}}
Published	07/30/2024	Visual Association Areas include {{c1::Brodmann Area 18 and 19:: Which brodmann areas}} wherein {{c2::Brodmann Area 18::Brodmann Area}} is the fi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::nuclei of midbrain and diencephalon::extrastriate cortex}} control reflexes and subconscious behaviors that require visual input
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eyebrows}} - Shade eyes from sunlight; keep sweat from eyes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eyelids (Palpebrae)}} - Protect the anterior surface of the eye
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tarsal plates}} - scaffolding of the eyelids, insertion of some muscles
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)}} - produce oil for lubrication on the eyelids (palpebrae)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Conjunctiva}} - non-keratinized, stratified columnar epithelium primarily for protection of the eye itself
Published	07/30/2024	2 Layers of the Conjunctiva{{c1::Palpebral conjunctiva::lines the inner surface of the eyelid}}{{c1::Bulbar conjunctiva::lines anterior sclera}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which layer of the conjunctiva is continuous with the epithelium of the cornea?{{c1::Bulbar conjunctiva}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Extraocular muscles}} - Produce eye movements, facilitate voluntary eye control, hold the eye in place
Published	07/30/2024	Which is the only extraocular muscles that do NOT originate from the common tendinous ring{{c1::Superior and Inferior Oblique}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Cornea}} - Transparent, dome-shaped, {{c1::avascular::vascular/avascular}}, and {{c3::neural::neural/aneural}} anterior 1/6 of the fibrous tunic…
Published	07/30/2024	1. Epithelium2. Bowman’s Membrane3. Substantia Propria (stroma)4. Descemet’s Membrane5. Corneal endothelium
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bowman’s Membrane::Layer of the Cornea}}Protects the Stroma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bowman’s Membrane::Layer of the Cornea}}Basement membrane of the {{c2::epithelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bowman’s Membrane::Layer of the Cornea}}Type {{c2::1}} collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Substantia Propria/Stroma::Layer of the Cornea}}{{c2::90}}% of the cornea
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Substantia Propria/Stroma::Layer of the Cornea}}Type {{c2::1}} collagen fibers
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Substantia Propria/Stroma::Layer of the Cornea}}come in bundles, parallel arrangementmain refractive lens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Descemet’s Membrane::Layer of the Cornea}}the basement membrane of {{c2::corneal endothelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Descemet’s Membrane::Layer of the Cornea}}Type {{c2::IV}} collagen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corneal Endothelium::Layer of the Cornea}}a thick layer of simple squamous to simple cuboidal endothelium
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corneal Endothelium::Layer of the Cornea}}Maintains transparency by removing water from stroma (also prevents swelling)
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Anterior Segment}} of the Eye is sub-divided into the {{c2::anterior}} and {{c2::posterior chambers}} by the iris
Published	07/30/2024	Which layers of the cornea maintain its transparency{{c1::Substancia Propria (Stroma)}}{{c1::Corneal Endothelium}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Aqueous Humor}} - Clear, plasma-like liquid produced by {{c1::ciliary epithelium (aka ciliary processes)}} of the ciliary body that provide…
Published	07/30/2024	What are the two paths aqueous outflow can take?{{c1::Trabecular}} Outflow{{c1::Uveoscleral}} Outflow
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] 1. Trabecular Outflow 2.Uveoscleral Outflow{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior chamberTrabecular meshworkScleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)episcleral vasculature (anterior ciliary veins)*
Published	07/30/2024	Anterior chamberUvea and Sclera directly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pupil}} - The central opening of the iris; permits light into the eye
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Sphincter pupillae::Muscle of the Iris}} contracts to initiate {{c2::miosis (pupillary constriction)::action}} in {{c3::bright::bright/low}}…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Dilator pupillae::Muscle of the Iris}} contracts to initiate {{c2::mydrasis (pupillary dilation)::action}} in {{c3::low::bright/low}} light …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Lens}} - {{c1::Avascular::vascular/avascular}}, {{c1::aneural::neural/aneural}}, transparent, encapsulated, and flexible biconvex disc
Published	07/30/2024	The Lens is suspended by the {{c1::ciliary zonules (suspensory ligaments)}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Layers of the LensLens {{c1::capsule}} - attachment of ciliary zonulesLens {{c1::epithelium}} - germinative layerLens {{c1::fibers}} - for elasticit…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Posterior Segment}} - Posterior to the lens and contains {{c2::vitreous}} humor that maintains intraocular pressure
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vitreous Humor}} - Transparent and jelly-like substance that holds the sensory retina against the pigmented layer and enclosed by {{c2::hyaloid …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyaloid canal}} – space left by obliterated hyaloid artery from {{c2::lens}} to {{c2::optic disc}} thru {{c2::vitreous body}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Layers of the Retina{{c1::Pigmented LayerSensory Layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retinal Pigmented Layer (RPE)::Layer of the Retina}}One layer of melanocytes derived from neuroectoderm. Cuboidal and columnar epithelial c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pigmented Layer::Layer of the Retina}}Absorbs light, Stores Vitamin A, and Maintains the Blood-Retina Barrier
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pigmented Layer::Layer of the Retina}}Phagocytoses worn-out discs of photoreceptor outer segments
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sensory layer::Layer of the Retina}}Where signal transduction occurs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pars Optica Retinae::Region of the Retina}}Posterior 2/3
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pars Optica Retinae::Region of the Retina}}Light-sensitive
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Orra serrata::Region of the Retina}}Separates the Pars Optica and Pars Caeca. Thus, where the sensory retina stops at the posterior edge of…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pars Caeca Retinae::Region of the Retina}}Not light-sensitive and made up of 2 parts:{{c2::1. Pars Ciliaris Retinae2. Pars Iridica Ret…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pars Caeca Retinae::Region of the Retina}}Anterior 1/3
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macula lutea::Specialized Regions of the Pars Optica Retinae}}Yellow spot directly along the eye’s anterior-posterior axis that contains mostly …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fovea centralis::Specialized Regions of the Pars Optica Retinae}}Point of maximal/highest visual acuity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Optic disc::Specialized Regions of the Pars Optica Retinae}}Where optic nerve and blood vessels pass (passing thru the lamina cribrosa sclerae).…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Layer of Rods and Cones (Photoreceptor/Bacillary layer)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Contains the light-sensitive receptors
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::External/Outer Limiting Membrane (OLM)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}barrier of adherent junctions between Muller’s cells located…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Contains the cell bodies (nuclei) of photoreceptors
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Outer Plexiform Layer (OPL)/Outer Synaptic Layer/Fiber Layer of Henle::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Connects inner nuclear layer and o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inner Nuclear Layer (INL)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Receive electrical input from outer plexiform layer and project it to the inne…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Where synapses are formed: Bipolar cells with ganglion cellsDense reticulum …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Contains the cell bodies of:▪ Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs)▪ Displaced amacrin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nerve Fiber Layer (NFL)/Stratum Opticum::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Axons (nerve fibers) of ganglion cells coursing on the vitreal s…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM)::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}}Forms a diffusion barrier/basement membrane between the retina and vitr…
Published	07/30/2024	10 Distinct Layers of the Retina [Outer to Inner Layers]{{c1::(Retinal) Pigment Epithelium layer (PEL)Layer of Rods and Cones/Photoreceptor Layer…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Accommodation}} - Function of the {{c2::lens}} to change and focus on a single point in the Retina (Fovea Centralis)
Published	07/30/2024	Your ability to accommodate is weaker at around the age of {{c1::40}}. {{c2::Close::Close/Distant}} Vision is affected
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ciliary Muscles}} - the smooth muscle that focuses the lens through its connection with the ciliary zonules
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ciliary Zonules}} - fine fibrils extending from the ciliary body to the entire circumference of the lens
Published	07/30/2024	Pupillary Light Reflex ({{c1::Direct}} and {{c1::Consensual}} Light Reflex) Reflex Arc PartOrgan StimulusLightReceptor…
Published	07/30/2024	Pupillary Dark Reflex: Pupils dilate to increase the amount of light to adapt to dim-light conditions Reflex Arc PartOrgan …
Published	07/30/2024	In Photoreceptor cells, light exposure induces {{c1::hyperpolarization}} for the sending of an impulse
Published	07/30/2024	Photoreceptor cell that works best in high intensity light{{c1::Cones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Photoreceptor cell that has 3 types{{c1::Cones}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Light Sensitivity 1. Rod Cells 2. Cone Cells{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Number 1. Rod Cells 2. Cone Cells{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Density in the Fovea Centralis 1. Rod Cells 2. Cone Cells{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Visual Pigment Density 1. Rod Cells 2. Cone Cells{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Functional Segment of the Photoreceptor that contains photochemicals{{c1::Outer Segment}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Important Cascade factors are located on the membrane of the outer segment{{c1::RhodopsinTransducinPhosphodiesterase (PDE)}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Parts of Rhodopsin/Iodopsin{{c1::Opsin (Scotopsin for rods; Photopsin for cones)11-cis retinal (Modified Vitamin A)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rhodopsin -> Metarhodopsin IITransducin -> Activated TransducinPDE -> Activated PDEcGMP -> 5'-GMP
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. cGMP Levels 2. cGMP-gated Na Channel Permeability{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Light 2. cGMP Levels{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Visual Pigment Regeneration Speed 1. Rods 2. Cones{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Time in the Dark 2. Retinal Sensitivity{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Speed in gaining sensitivity in the dark 1. Cones 2. Rods{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Collective Increase in sensitivity of the Eye 1. Cones 2. Rods{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	There are three types of cone cells: {{c1::L}} Cones ({{c1::Red}}), {{c1::M}} Cones ({{c1::Green}}), {{c1::S}} Cones ({{c1::Blue}})
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::GLUTAMATE (excitatory)}} is the neurotransmitter of the photoreceptors and is continually released in the “{{c1::Dark}}” state (Because of depol…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Visual acuity}} - The measure of the ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a given instance or the sharpness a…
Published	07/30/2024	20/20 Vision (Normal Visual Acuity)First number – {{c1::the actual distance between the patient and the eye chart, typically measured in feet}}Second …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Snellen's Test}} - Most common method that uses recognition acuity, a type of visual activity that requires the patient to recognize o…
Published	07/30/2024	In the Snellen's test, + or – signs placed beside the score are indications of {{c1::additional/lack of correct/wrong answers}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Random E and Landolt’s C Test}} - Follow the same guidelines and procedure as the Snellen test, only they use directional orientation …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiff Acuity Test}} - Utilizes the type of VA called resolution acuity which requires the patient to detect visual detail. Instead o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Teller Acuity Test}} - An alternative for the Cardiff Test and makes use of a high-contrast pattern of shapes called grating. The stripes g…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pinhole occluder}} - device used by ophthalmologists for the rapid screening of visual acuity impairment. When the beam of light entering t…
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with low visual acuity that are not improved by the pinhole effect are diagnosed with {{c1::non-refractive::refractive/non-refractive}} error…
Published	07/30/2024	In the Pupillary Light Reflex, Where do signals go after the pretectal nucleus and within the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?{{c1::BOTH EDINGER-WESTPH…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Swinging Light Test}} - A test used to assess pupillary light reaction.1. Ask the patient to look at a distant object and to keep look…
Published	07/30/2024	In the Swinging Light Test, the constriction of {{c1::both::the ipsilateral/the contralateral/both}} pupil/s must be observed as light is shone onto e…
Published	07/30/2024	In a Relative Afferent Pupillar Defect (RAPD) or Marcus Gunn Pupil, which characteristic of the Pupillary Light Reflex is NOT present?{{c1::Both::Dire…
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c2::Relative Afferent Pupillar Defect (RAPD)}} or {{c2::Marcus Gunn Pupil}}, which characteristic of the Pupillary Light Reflex is NOT present?…
Published	07/30/2024	There are {{c1::7::number}} extraocular muscles
Published	07/30/2024	Extraocular muscle which uses a fibrocartilaginous pully (trochlea){{c1::Superior oblique}}
Published	07/30/2024	InnervationMuscleAction CN {{c1::III}}Medial Rectus{{c2::Adduction}}CN {{c1::VI}}Lateral Rectus{{c2::Abduction}}CN {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Descartes-Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Innervation}} - States that the contraction of a muscle is accompanied by simultaneous and propor…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Version}} - rotation of both eyes in the same direction
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hering’s Law of Equal Innervation}} - States that during version, the muscles of both eyes make an equal effort to rotate them to the same gaze …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vergences}} - rotation of the 2 eyes in opposite directions. It May violate Hering’s Law but is still physiological as such is necessary to…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::saccades}} - rapid movement of the eyes between fixation points
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cover-Uncover Test}} - Used to detect strabismus or any misalignment of the eyes. The examiner briefly covers one eye and observes the…
Published	07/30/2024	In the Cover-Uncover Test,{{c1::No movement}} in the non-occluded eye: {{c2::orthotropia/normal alignment}}{{c1::Movement}} in the non-occluded eye: {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Red-Reflex test}} - Used to detect abnormalities in the normally transparent visual axis or in the retina. Done by using an ophthalmos…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Broad H Test}} - Used to test extraocular muscle function. Uses the 6 cardinal positions of gaze together with the primary gaze. …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::The “Triangle” Test}} - A test commonly used in determining eye dominance
Published	07/30/2024	3 Layers of Tear Film on top of the Cornea{{c1::Lipid LayerAqueous LayerMucus Layer}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Retina has the highest rate of O2 consumption of any tissue in the body {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 Sources of Blood of the RetinaChoroid - {{c1::outer ⅓::distribution}} of the retinaCentral Artery of the Retina (branch of the ophthalmic artery) - …
Published	07/30/2024	Amacrine Cell neurotransmitters: {{c1::GABA or Glycine::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sclera}} - White opaque layer of dense connective tissue that covers the eye pierced by vessels and nerves (including optic nerve)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Iris}} - Visible, colored part of the eye between the cornea and lens
Published	07/30/2024	Distant VisionClose Vision Pupils{{c1::Dilated}}{{c1::Constricted}}Ciliary Muscles{{c2::Relaxed}}{{c2::Contracted}}Ci…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Retina}} - A thin, semi-transparent, multilayered, functional, light sensitive tissue of the eye where electrochemical events happen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ganglion cells::cells}} are a third class of photoreceptors and aside from transmitting image forming info, they also transmit non-image fo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Outer Plexiform Layer (OPL)/Outer Synaptic Layer/Fiber Layer of Henle::1 of 10 Distinct Layers of the Retina}} forms Henle's layer which is an a…
Published	07/30/2024	Enzymes{{c1::RPE65}} and {{c1::RPE RG-coupled R}} are responsible for the trans to cis isomerization of vitamin A in the RPE.{{c1::RPE65}} is res…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Neural Processing in the Retina 1. Action Potentials 2. Graded Potentials{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Functional Segment of the Photoreceptor that contains Na-K ATPase and K Selective Leaky Channels and has {{c2::negative::negative/positive}} potential…
Published	07/30/2024	Photoreceptor electronegativityDark State: {{c1::-40}} mVMaximum Light State: {{c1::-80 to -70}} mV
Published	07/30/2024	Photoreceptor Deactivation Cascade is initiated by the {{c1::Rhodopsin Kinase}} Enzyme which inactivates {{c1::Metarhodopsin II}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::optic chiasm}} is where the X-shaped axonal decussation is located which is anterior to the {{c3::hypothalamus}}CROSSOVERS:Nasal (fibers) side o…
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)Receives input from {{c1::Rods}}: {{c2::Magnocellular}}Receives input from {{c1::Cones}}: {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Optic Radiation Fibers may form the {{c1::Meyer's loop}} and terminate in the visual cortex {{c2::below::below/above}} the {{c3::calcarine sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Optic Radiation Fibers may continue {{c1::posteriorly}} and terminate in the visual cortex {{c2::above::below/above}} the {{c3::calcarine sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Upper}} Optic RadiationRetinal Quadrant Source: {{c1::Superior}}Visual Field Quadrant: {{c1::Inferior}}Passes through the {{c1::Parietal}} Lobe
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Lower}} Optic RadiationRetinal Quadrant Source: {{c1::Inferior}}Visual Field Quadrant: {{c1::Superior}}Passes through the {{c1::Temporal}} Lobe
Published	07/30/2024	Visual FieldVisual Cortical Area {{c1::Left, Superior}}{{c2::Right, Inferior}}{{c1::Left, Inferior}}{{c2::Right, Supe…
Published	07/30/2024	Refractive Error: {{c1::Myopia (Nearsightedness)}}Eyeball Length: {{c2::Long (Focal point in front of the retina)}}Tratment: {{c2::Concave Corrective …
Published	07/30/2024	Refractive Error: {{c1::Hyperopia (Farsightedness)}}Eyeball Length: {{c2::Short (Focal point behind the retina)}}Tratment: {{c2::Convex Corrective Len…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Astigmatism}} - Happens particularly when the cornea/lens has unequal curvature. Due to this, the light that enters doesn’t converge in one spot…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Strabismus}} - a condition in which the eyes do not align with one another
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::diplopia}} - double vision
Published	07/30/2024	2 Pathways of Brodmann Areas 18 and 19{{c1::Ventral StreamDosral Stream}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pathways of Brodmann Areas 18 and 19{{c1::Ventral}} Stream extends {{c2::inferiorly}} and determines {{c2::form}} and {{c2::reconition}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pathways of Brodmann Areas 18 and 19{{c1::Dorsal}} Stream extends {{c2::superiorly}} and determines {{c2::motion}} and {{c2::spatial relationship…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anopia}} - vision loss{{c1::Hemianopia}} - vision loss in one half of the visual field separated by the vertical midline{{c1::Quadrantanopia}} -…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anisocoria}} - asymmetric pupil movement
Published	07/30/2024	Pupil Size{{c1::<2}} mm indicates miosis{{c1::>8}} mm indicates mydriasis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::refractive index}} is a property of refractive media that is calculated by dividing the {{c2::speed of light between a vacuum or empty spac…
Published	07/30/2024	OPTIC TRACT componentsLeft optic tract: {{c1::left temporal tract::temporal tract}} and {{c1::right nasal tract::nasal tract}}Right optic tr…
Published	07/30/2024	Refractive Error: Presbyopia (Age-related farsightedness)Treatment: {{c1::Convex Corrective Lenses}}
Status	Last Update	Fields