Notes in PTH.S1.L03.Inflammation and Repair

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Published	10/21/2024	InflammationInflammation refers to the response of vascularized tissues to {{c1::infections}} and {{c1::damaged tissues}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Inflammation{{c1::Inflammation}} brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to sites where they are needed.
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationComplex reaction in tissues, mainly of {{c1::blood vessels}} and {{c1::leukocytes}}
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationInduced by {{c1::chemical mediators}} produced by {{c2::host cells}} in response to injurious stimuli
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationCardinal Signs of Inflammation → External manifestations of inflammation {{c1::Calor}} = heat Rubor = {{c2::redness}}{{c3::Tumor}} = swell…
Published	10/21/2024	Causes of Inflammation{{c1::Infection}} and {{c2::microbial toxins}} is the most common cause of inflammation
Published	10/21/2024	Cause of InflammationTissue necrosis may be due to {{c1::ischemia}}, {{c1::trauma}}, {{c1::physical and/or chemical injury}}
Published	10/21/2024	Cause of InflammationExogenous or endogenous
Published	10/21/2024	Cause of InflammationAlso known as Hypersensitivity
Published	10/21/2024	Cause of InflammationImmune reactions may be against {{c1::self (autoimmune)}} or inappropriate response to substances (allergies)
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationInflammation may be acute or chronic depending on the:{{c1::Nature of the stimulus}} {{c2::Effectiveness of initial react…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Onset: Fast: Minutes or hours
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Onset: Slow:Days
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Cellular Infiltrate: Monocytes/ Macrophages and Lymphocytes
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Cellular Infiltrate: Mainly neutrophils
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Tissue Injury,fibrosis: Often severe and progressive
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Tissue Injury,fibrosis: Usually mild and self-limited
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Local and systemic signs: Prominent
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Local and systemic signs: Less
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Main Characteristics: More tissue destruction
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Main Characteristics: Fibrosis
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Main Characteristics: Emigration of Leukocytes
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Main Characteristics:Proliferation of blood vessels
Published	10/21/2024	Acute vs Chronic InflammationAcute or Chronic Main Characteristics:Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema)
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsInflammation is usually accompanied by {{c1:: local tissue damage}} with associated signs and symptoms
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsWhat are the disorders caused by ACUTE Inflammatory Reactions?
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsWhat are the disorders caused by CHRONIC Inflammatory Reactions?
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsCells and Molecules Involved in Septic Shock (1); Acute or Chronic Type of Disorder
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsCells and Molecules Involved in Asthma (2); Acute or Chronic Type of Disorder
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory ReactionsCells and Molecules Involved in Atherosclerosis (2); Acute or Chronic Type of Disorder
Published	10/21/2024	Diseases Caused by Inflammatory Reactions{{c1::Asthma}} can present with acute inflammation or a chronic illness with repeated bouts of acute exacerba…
Published	10/21/2024	Leukocyte-Mediated Injury{{c1::Misdirected}} to self-antigensResults to {{c2::autoimmune diseases}}Occurs against normally {{c3::harmless substances}}…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationWhat are the 3 major components of Acute Inflammation?
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationMajor component of acute inflammation which causes stasis of blood & increased viscosity, seen as redness or congestion.
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationIncreased permeability enable {{c1::plasma proteins}} & {{c1::leukocytes}} to leave circulation to participate in inflammatory r…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationMajor component of acute inflammation in which leukocytes are activated at site of injury to eliminate the agent more effectively
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationMajor component of acute inflammation which allows increased blood flow towards the site of injury.
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationHallmark of acute inflammation
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationVascular Permeability is the hallmark of acute inflammation→ because of {{c1::“Immediate transient response”}}
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationVascular Permeability occurs in {{c1::postcapillary venules}}
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationVascular permeability may occur in 2 main mechanisms:
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationVascular permeability may occur in 2 main mechanisms: Retraction of endothelial cellsMore common mechanism Participates in {{c1::“i…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationDuring acute inflammation, there are changes in flow and permeability in the vessels→ {{c1::Transient vasoconstriction}} → vasodilat…
Published	10/21/2024	Transudate vs. ExudateExudate or Transudate: Has a higher viscosity and protein content
Published	10/21/2024	Transudate vs. ExudateExudate or Transudate: Fluid leakage seeping into and out of a vessel through endothelial gaps due to high hydrostatic or low co…
Published	10/21/2024	Transudate vs. ExudateExudate or Transudate: May contain some white and red blood cells
Published	10/21/2024	Transudate vs. ExudateExudate or Transudate: Pass through widened interendothelial spaces
Published	10/21/2024	Transudate vs. ExudateProcesses during inflammation favor {{c1::exudative formation}} Although tissue damage or obstruction due to {{c2::offending age…
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionFor host defense to be mounted, the body must first recognize the threat → Body recognizes such through {{c1::cellular receptors}}
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionToll-like Receptors (TLR) are found in
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionToll-like Receptors (TLR) recognizes extracellular, ingested, and intracellular pathogens through their {{c1::pathogen-associated molecular…
Published	10/21/2024	Recognition{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLR)}} sensors of cell damage
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionTLRs sensors of cell damageDamage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)Ex., {{c1::uric acid}}, {{c1::ATP}}, {{c1::potassium reduction}}, an…
Published	10/21/2024	Recognition______ may also stimulate inflammation at the site of infection
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionCirculating proteins that stimulate inflammation at the site of infection
Published	10/21/2024	RecognitionReceptors that aid in recognition of different patterns & mediators of inflammation:
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of Leukocytes{{c1::Neutrophils}}, and {{c2::macrophages / monocytes}}Commonly involved in recruitment of leukocytes
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesProcess including in the recruitment of leukocytes (3)
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesThe nature of the leukocytic infiltrates varies with the age of the {{c1::inflammatory response}} and the {{c2::type of stimu…
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of Leukocytes{{c1::Neutrophils}} predominate during the first 6-24 hours, then replaced by monocytes in {{c2::24-48 hours}}
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesEnumerate the process of leukocyte recruitment.
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of Leukocytes {{c1::Margination/ Leukocyte Release Distribution}}Stasis of blood allows peripherally flowing WBCs to slow down and have mo…
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesProcess of leukocyte recruitment when leukocytes are close enough, selectins on their surfaces interact with selectin on the …
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesTransmigration/ Diapedesis Chemokines like {{c1::PECAM-1 (CD31)}} in immunoglobulins stimulate the adherent leukocytes to mig…
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesChemokines then activate the {{c1::integrins}} on the endothelium Allowing them to tightly bind their corresponding ligands o…
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesChemotaxis/ Locomotion Along a Chemical GradientAfter traversing the endothelium, leukocytes pierce the basement membrane by …
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesThis receptor binds chemokines from the host and N-formyl-methionyl peptides and lipid mediators from the offending organisms
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesThis receptor recognizes lipopolysaccharides of microbes which amplify the existing inflammatory reaction.
Published	10/21/2024	Recruitment of LeukocytesThis receptor is responsible for activation of leukocytes for their microbicidal activity.
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentAn effective host defense must be able to remove the offending agent through: {{c1::Phagocytosis}} and {{c2::Intracellular killing}}
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentPhagocytosis has 3 main steps which are:
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentStep in Phagocytosis wherein microbes bind to phagocyte receptors.
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentRecognition and Attachment involves 3 types of phagocytic receptors which are:
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentMannose receptors{{c1::Lectin receptors}} that bind the terminal mannose and fucose residues of glycoproteins and glycolipidsTypically…
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of Agent{{c1::Scavenger receptors}}Bind and mediate endocytosis of oxidized or acetylated LDL (low density lipoprotein) particles that can no …
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentReceptor for opsonins Enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis Major opsonins ({{c1::IgG}}, {{c1::C3b}}, and {{c1::plasma-lectin}})
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentRemoval of AgentDuring Engulfment, formation of {{c1::pseudopods}}Once specific microbe ligands bind to specific phagocytic receptors,…
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentDuring Engulfment, formation of {{c1::phagolysosome}}Phagosome fuses with lysosome granule
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentDuring Engulfment, formation of {{c1::phagosome}}The pseudopod then pinches off into the cell to form a vesicle
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentKilling or degradation in macrophages:Arginine → {{c1::nitric oxide (NO)}}By the action of inducible {{c1::nitric oxide synthase (iNOS…
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentKilling or degradation in neutrophils:NADPH phagocyte oxidase catalyzes a redox reaction to form the {{c1::superoxide anion (O2 -)}}Re…
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentA highly reactive free radical that attacks and damages the lipids, proteins, and microbes of host cells.
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentMost efficient bactericidal system
Published	10/21/2024	Removal of AgentReaction of this system causes respiratory burst
Published	10/21/2024	Granule Enzymes Used in Degradation and KillingIn neutrophils, what are the two types of granules?
Published	10/21/2024	Granule Enzymes Used in Degradation and KillingIn neutrophilsPrimary GranulesLarger and {{c1::azurophilic}} Myeloperoxidase (MPO), {{c2::bactericidal …
Published	10/21/2024	Granule Enzymes Used in Degradation and KillingIn neutrophilSecondary Granules {{c1::Smaller}} and specific Lysozyme, {{c2::collagenase}}, gelat…
Published	10/21/2024	Granule Enzymes Used in Degradation and KillingIn macrophages:{{c1::Acid hydrolases}}, collagenase, {{c1::elastase, phospholipase}}, plasminogen activ…
Published	10/21/2024	Granule Enzymes Used in Degradation and KillingTo keep these enzymes in check during inflammation, {{c1::anti-proteases}} are found in tissue fluids a…
Published	10/21/2024	Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) This are extracellular fibrillar networks of chromatin
Published	10/21/2024	Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)Prevent the spread of the microbes by trapping them in the {{c1::fibrils }}Meshwork of {{c2::nuclear chromatin}}
Published	10/21/2024	Frustrated Phagocytosis and Damaged PhagolysosomePertains to the inability of the leukocytes to surround and ingest substances
Published	10/21/2024	Frustrated Phagocytosis and Damaged PhagolysosomeDamaged PhagolysosomeDue to {{c1::crystals}}, may also lead to release of damaging contents
Published	10/21/2024	Frustrated Phagocytosis and Damaged Phagolysosome{{c1::Damaged phagolysosome}} occurs when ingested substances (e.g., urate crystals) cause leakage of…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Termination of acute inflammatory responseWhen offending agents are removed {{c1::Stop signals (Pro-inflammatory)}}{{c2::Stop sign…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Mediators of InflammationShort-lived substances that {{c1::initiate}} and {{c1::regulate}} inflammatory reactions in a cascading m…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Mediators of Inflammation are divided into two types:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control){{c1::Cell-derived Mediators}}Rapidly released from intracellular granules Synthesized {{c2::de novo}} in response to a stimulus M…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)A 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from membrane phospholipid by the action of phospholipases
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Arachidonic Acids are acted upon by 2 enzymes, which are:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Cyclooxygenase (COX)Exists in 2 isoforms: {{c1::COX-1}} and {{c1::COX-2}}Both give rise to the {{c2::prostaglandin family}} and {{…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Arachidonic Acids which gives rise to the 5-HETE and the family of leukotrienes
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Arachidonic Acids which gives rise to lipoxins
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Platelet-activating factor Causes platelet aggregation, vaso{{c1::constriction::constriction or dilation}} and broncho{{c2::constr…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Eicosanoids responsible for Vasodilation:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Eicosanoids responsible for Vasoconstriction:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Eicosanoids responsible for Increased Vascular Permeability:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Eicosanoids responsible for Chemotaxis, Leukocyte adhesion:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Cytokines involved in Acute Inflammation:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Cytokines Proteins produced by many cell types Principally activated {{c1::lymphocytes}}, {{c1::macrophages}} and {{c1::dendritic …
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Major Cytokines in Acute Inflammation
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)TNF and IL-1 are produced by {{c1::activated macrophages}} and {{c2::dendritic cells}}
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Main functions of TNF and IL-1 in acute inflammation (3)
Published	10/21/2024	Main functions of TNF and IL-1 in acute inflammation Endothelial activationIncrease expression of {{c1::ENP selectins}} and {{c1::ligands}} for leukoc…
Published	10/21/2024	Main functions of TNF and IL-1 in acute inflammation Leukocyte activation{{c1::TNF}} augments the inflammatory responseIL-1 activates the {{c2::fibrob…
Published	10/21/2024	Main functions of TNF and IL-1 in acute inflammation{{c1::Systemic Acute Phase Response}} Cachexia Regulates energy balance by promoting {{c2::lipid p…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Along with IL-6, they also have systemic and protective effects in the following organs:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)What are the Four Groups of Chemokines?
Published	10/21/2024	Four Groups of ChemokinesC-X-C chemokines {{c1::IL-8 (CXCL8)}}Secreted by {{c2::macrophages}} and {{c2::endothelial cells}} Activation and chemotaxis …
Published	10/21/2024	Four Groups of ChemokinesC-C chemokines Chemotactic for {{c1::monocyte}} proteins (MCP-1, CCL2) {{c2::Eotaxin (CCL11)}} for eosinophils and macrophage…
Published	10/21/2024	Four Groups of Chemokines{{c1::C chemokines}}Lymphotactin (XCL1) for {{c2::lymphocytes}}
Published	10/21/2024	Four Groups of ChemokinesCX3C chemokines {{c1::Fractalkine (CX3CL1)}}Surface boundPromotes strong adhesion of {{c2::monocytes}} and {{c2::T cells }}So…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Act primarily as chemoattractants for specific types of leukocytes
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Chemokines are grouped according to their {{c1::cysteine}} residues and extra {{c2::amino acids}}
Published	10/21/2024	Chemokines have an ____ and ____ function:
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Chemokines has an inflammatory function Inflammatory chemokinesFunction for {{c1::leukocyte}} attachment Increasing the affinity o…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Chemokines has a homeostatic function Homeostatic chemokinesProduced consistently in {{c1::tissues}} Organize various cell types …
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Plasma-derived Mediators Produced mainly in the {{c1::liver}}Present in the circulation as {{c2::inactive::active or inactive?}} p…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)A collection of soluble protein and membrane receptors.
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Complement System A collection of soluble protein and membrane receptors Functions mainly in {{c1::host defense}} against microbes…
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)What are the three pathways that may initiate cascade?
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Classical Pathway Triggered when C{{c1::1}} is fixated on antibodies {{c2::(IgM or IgG)}} and binds their respective antigens
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Lectin PathwayDirectly activates C{{c1::1}} when plasma mannose-binding lectin binds to {{c2::carbohydrates}} on microbes
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)Alternative PathwayTriggered by {{c1::microbial surface}}, complex polysaccharides and {{c1::cobra venom}} among others
Published	10/21/2024	Regulation (Control)True or False:All pathways lead to CRITICAL STEP catalyzed by C4 convertase which cleaves C4 to C4a to C4b.
Published	10/21/2024	The different products of the cascade have different effector functions {{c1::C5a, C4a or C5a}}, C3a{{c2::Anaphylatoxins}}; stimulate histamine releas…
Published	10/21/2024	Proteases Activated During CoagulationThe clotting system is divided into two pathways that converge – {{c1::intrinsic}} and {{c2::extrinsic}} pathway
Published	10/21/2024	Proteases Activated During CoagulationIntrinsic pathway A series of plasma proteins activated by the {{c1::Hageman Factor (Factor XII)::what factor}}S…
Published	10/21/2024	Proteases Activated During CoagulationThrombin Produced to mobilize {{c1::P-selectin}} Produce {{c2::chemokines}} and {{c2::cytokines}}Express endothe…
Published	10/21/2024	Kinin cascade Includes vasoactive peptides derived from plasma proteins called {{c1::kininogen}} Acted upon by {{c2::kallikrein}} - Specific prot…
Published	10/21/2024	Kinin cascadeKallikrein cleaves {{c1::HMW kininogen}} → bradykinin
Published	10/21/2024	Kinin cascadeBradykinin causes {{c1::increased vascular permeability}}, contraction of smooth muscle, vasodilators, and {{c2::pain}}, all similar to {…
Published	10/21/2024	Kinin cascadeTrue or False: Plasminogen activates C3 to C3a
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Vasodilation (2):
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Increased Vascular Permeability:
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Chemotaxis, Leukocyte recruitment and activation:
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Tissue damage:
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Fever:
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationPrincipal Mediators during Pain:
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of InflammationC3a and C5a are {{c1::Anaphylatoxins}}
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of Inflammation{{c1::Prostaglandins (Prostaglandin E2)}} causes fever and pain
Published	10/21/2024	Reaction of Inflammation{{c1::IL-1}} and {{c2::Tumor Necrosis Factor}} → Causes fever and cachexia
Published	10/21/2024	Refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Regeneration}} by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells
Published	10/21/2024	Tissues that underwent mild superficial injury undergo regeneration by proliferation of residual cells in maturation of stem cells, an example is {{c1…
Published	10/21/2024	REGENERATION After injury, {{c1::labile tissues}} continue to divide and proliferate throughout life and replace destroyed cells, examples are {{c2::S…
Published	10/21/2024	REPAIR Some tissues are non dividing or permanent and contain cells that have left the cell cycle and cannot undergo mitotic division in the postnatal…
Published	10/21/2024	When damage encompasses the epithelium, parenchyma and connective tissue framework OR if nondividing cells are involved
Published	10/21/2024	Scar FormationHealing by {{c1::primary intention (union)}} – surgical incision
Published	10/21/2024	Scar FormationHealing by {{c1::secondary intention (union)}} – combination of {{c2::regeneration}} and scarring
Published	10/21/2024	Scar FormationHealing by secondary intention covers deep ad irregular wounds;Inflammation happens {{c1::6-48 hours}} to concentrate the cells and fibr…
Published	10/21/2024	Scar FormationHealing by secondary intention covers deep ad irregular wounds;Remodeling happens {{c1::2-3 weeks}} which occurs via deposition of colla…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairAngiogenesisProcess of {{c1::new blood vessel development}} from {{c2::existing vessels}}Growth factors:{{c3::VEGFs}}{{c3::FGFs}}{{c3::PD…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairProcess of AngiogenesisFirst, the vessel {{c1::dilates::dilates or constricts?}} due to {{c2::angiogenic growth factors}}, such as vascul…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairScarring{{c1::Normal healing process::Normal healing process or Pathogenic process?}}
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairScarringHealing by first (primary) intention{{c1::In 24 hours::Time needed for process to occur?}}{{c2::Neutrophils}} predominate the sit…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairFibrosis{{c1::Pathogenic process::Normal healing process or Pathogenic process?}}
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairFibrosisInduced by {{c1::persistent injurious stimuli}}, such as chronic infections and immunologic reactionsAssociated with {{c2::loss o…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairMicroscopically, it is filled with small, newly formed capillaries and fibrous tissue with few inflammatory cells
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairMicroscopically, it contains collagen depositions which are stained blue by trichrome
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of excessive scarring:An accumulation of excessive collagen that regresses over several monthsMay be due to thermal or traumatic inj…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of excessive scarring:Grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regressMicroscopically, it shows bands of conne…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of excessive scarring:Exuberant granulation”Granulation protruding above the level of surrounding skin that blocks reepithelializati…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of excessive scarring:Exaggerated wound contraction that usually occurs in the palms, soles, and anterior aspect of the thoraxSeen i…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairFactors that Impair Tissue RepairMay be either {{c1::intrinsic}} or {{c1::extrinsic}}Examples:{{c2::Infection}}Diabetes{{c2::Nutritional …
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairExamples of Factors that Impair Tissue Repair
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of healing defect:Often seen in elderly patients with chronic venous hypertensionDue to poor oxygen delivery in cases of severe vari…
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of healing defect:May be painfulCaused by atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries and diabetes
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of healing defect:Due to ischemia, neuropath, systemic metabolic abnormalities, and secondary infections
Published	10/21/2024	Tissue RepairType of healing defect:Due to prolonged compression against boneSeen in bedridden and immobile elderly patients
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationHallmarks:{{c1::Dilation::Dilation or Constriction?}} of small blood vesselsAccumulation of {{c2::leukocytes}} and {{c2::fluid}} in …
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationType of acute inflammation:Exudation of cell-poor fluid into spaces created by injury to surface epitheliaCan also be into body cavi…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationSerous InflammationFluid may be from:{{c1::Plasma}} - Due to {{c2::increased vascular permeability}}{{c3::Secretions of mesothelial …
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationTerm used when the fluid is in body cavities
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationAccumulation of fluid and tissuesCan be transudative or exudative
Published	10/21/2024	InflammationGeneral term for serous inflammation beneath the epidermis
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationType of acute inflammation:Due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulusInflammation in the lining of body cavitiesMeni…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationType of acute inflammation:Suppurative inflammationProduction of pus and exudatesAbscessMost commonly caused by infection with pyoge…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationPurulent InflammationProduction of pus and exudates (abscess) containing:{{c1::Neutrophils}}{{c1::Liquefied debris of necrotic cells…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute InflammationType of acute inflammation:Local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissueProduced by sloughing or inflamed necrotic…
Published	10/21/2024	Outcomes of Acute InflammationOutcome that proceeds if:Injury is limited or short livedThere is little tissue destructionDamaged parenchymal cells can…
Published	10/21/2024	Outcomes of Acute InflammationOutcome that proceeds if:Substantial tissue destruction of tissues are capable of regenerationThere is abundant fibrin e…
Published	10/21/2024	Outcomes of Acute InflammationOutcome that proceeds if:There is persistence of injurious agentsThere is some interference in normal healing
Published	10/21/2024	Chronic InflammationResponse of prolonged duration ({{c1::weeks to months::Specific duration range?}})Causes:{{c2::Persistent infection}}Hypersensitiv…
Published	10/21/2024	Morphologic Features of Chronic InflammationInfiltration with mononuclear cells including {{c1::Macrophages}}, {{c1::lymphocytes}}, and {{c1::plasma c…
Published	10/21/2024	Cells and Mediators of Chronic Inflammation{{c1::Macrophages::What cells?}}Dominant cells (within {{c2::48 hours::How many hours}} onset)Secrete {{c3:…
Published	10/21/2024	Cells and Mediators of Chronic InflammationMononuclear Phagocyte System{{c1::Kupffer cells}} (liver)Sinus histiocytes ({{c2::spleen}} and {{c2::lymph …
Published	10/21/2024	Cells and Mediators of Chronic Inflammation{{c1::Lymphocytes::What cells?}}Dominant in {{c2::autoimmune}} and {{c2::hypersensitivity}} diseasesCD4+ T …
Published	10/21/2024	Cells and Mediators of Chronic Inflammation{{c1::Eosinophils::What cells?}}Seen in infections mediated by {{c2::IgE}} and in {{c3::parasitic}} infecti…
Published	10/21/2024	Cells and Mediators of Chronic Inflammation{{c1::Mast Cells::What cells?}}Bind the {{c2::Fc}} portion of the IgE antibodyReleases {{c3::histamine}} an…
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