Notes in S5 Pharmacology I

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Published	09/15/2024	Pharmacology is the investigation of the {{c1::functional altering}} effects of {{c2::endogenic}} and {{c2::exogenic}} substances on li…
Published	09/15/2024	Define pharmaceutical substance.
Published	09/15/2024	List the two branches of pharmacology.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 4 main groups of nonspecific physical interaction substances [4].
Published	09/15/2024	Biochemical reactions utilize proteins with and without receptors. With receptors {{c1::ligands}} are used. Without receptors {{c2::inhibiti…
Published	09/15/2024	Ligand gated ion channels utilize {{c1::nikotinic acetylcholine (nACh)}} receptor in the {{c2::neuromuscular junctions}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Ligand gated ion channels utilize {{c1::autonomic ganglia}} from the {{c2::CNS}}.
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Published	09/15/2024	What type of ion channel is used for anaesthetics given through inhalation and IV?
Published	09/15/2024	What type of effect does GABAA receptor-gated chloride ion channel have?
Published	09/15/2024	List the 3 types of G protein–coupled receptors.
Published	09/15/2024	List the receptor, ligand and reaction that takes place with Gαs -coupled receptors.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 2 types of receptors that make up Gαi (Ginhibitory)-coupled receptors
Published	09/15/2024	List the 3 types of receptors that make up the Gq coupled receptors.
Published	09/15/2024	Receptor-activated tyrosine kinases are {{c1::insulin}} receptor substrates.
Published	09/15/2024	Provide an example for a JAK inhibitor.
Published	09/15/2024	List the main components of intracellular nuclear receptors (NR).
Published	09/15/2024	Ligand gated ion channels activate through {{c1::conductance}}.
Published	09/15/2024	G coupled receptors activate the agonist by {{c1::G protein}} activation, followed by the generation of a {{c1::2o messenger}} activati…
Published	09/15/2024	Receptor-activated tyrosine kinases activate the agonsit by {{c1::phosphorylation}} of tyrosines and signaling molecules which in turn activates …
Published	09/15/2024	In intracellular nuclear receptors (NR) the agonist is transported into the {{c1::nucleus}} where activation occurs by {{c2::transcription}}…
Published	09/15/2024	Define ligand.
Published	09/15/2024	What bonds are typical in ligand binding complex? Are these bonds reversible.
Published	09/15/2024	Define affinity.
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Published	09/15/2024	Full agonists binds to and {{c1::activates}} the receptor and produces a {{c1::maximal}} response.
Published	09/15/2024	Full antagonists binds to and {{c1::does not activate}} the receptor and produces a {{c1::minimal}} response.
Published	09/15/2024	Partial agonists binds to and {{c1::partially activates}} the receptor and produces a {{c1:: sub-maximal}} response.
Published	09/15/2024	Give an example of a full, partial agonist and antagonist.
Published	09/15/2024	{{c1::Neutral antagonists}} and {{c1:: inverse agonists}} create a negative response in the receptor in the absence of a {{c1::ligand}}.
Published	09/15/2024	{{c1::Full agonists}} and {{c1::partial agonists}} create a positive response and activation by saturation the {{c2::endogenous ligand}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Give an example of an inverse agonist.
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Published	09/15/2024	Give examples of competitive and noncompetitive antagonists.
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Published	09/15/2024	Give the formula for therapeutic index.
Published	09/15/2024	Define the therapeutic window.
Published	09/15/2024	Give an example of a highly specific pharmaceutical drug.
Published	09/15/2024	Give an example of a highly selective pharmaceutical drug.
Published	09/15/2024	Drug side effects cn be categgorized as {{c1::on target}} effects and {{c1::off target}} effects.
Published	09/15/2024	On target effects act on the appropriate receptor, however the {{c1::dose}} or presence of a {{c2::different tissue type}} can cause side ef…
Published	09/15/2024	Off target effects are typically due to {{c1:: β1 and β2}} antagonism.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 5 general effects of β blockers.
Published	09/15/2024	Besides ON and OFF target effects, side efffects of drugs can be...
Published	09/15/2024	Define pharmacodynamic tolerance (desensitization).
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