Notes in L9 - Cell Membranes & Cytoskeleton

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/02/2024	What is the most prevalent type of lipid in biological membranes?
Published	11/02/2024	Phospholipids are synthesized in the {{c1::SER}} and then transported to the {{c1::Golgi}}, which will send them to {{c1::plasma or organelle membrane…
Published	11/02/2024	Phospholipids are polar, ionic compounds composed of:
Published	11/02/2024	What makes phospholipids amphipathic?
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the fatty acid tails of human phospholipids:
Published	11/02/2024	In what tissues can cholesterol synthesis occur?
Published	11/02/2024	What makes Cholesterol an amphipathic molecule?
Published	11/02/2024	How does cholesterol affect the mobility of the plasma membrane?
Published	11/02/2024	What are glycolipids?
Published	11/02/2024	Is the sugar portion of a glycolipid intracellular or extracellular?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the 3 main lipids of organelle and plasma membranes?
Published	11/02/2024	Integral membrane proteins
Published	11/02/2024	What classification of protein are lipid-anchored proteins?
Published	11/02/2024	Integral membrane proteins can function as:
Published	11/02/2024	One function of glycoproteins is to confer {{c1::individuality}} on the cells that carry them
Published	11/02/2024	How do glycoproteins confer individuality on the cells that carry them?
Published	11/02/2024	How do peripheral membrane proteins attach to the membrane?
Published	11/02/2024	Peripheral membrane proteins can function as (2):
Published	11/02/2024	On what side of the plasma membrane bilayer are sugar residues found?
Published	11/02/2024	Caveolae
Published	11/02/2024	How does increasing cholesterol content affect the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
Published	11/02/2024	What likely causes the death of RBCs at 120 days?
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the importance of Spectrin in RBCs:
Published	11/02/2024	Hereditary elliptocytosis
Published	11/02/2024	What are the functions of actin in non-muscle cells?
Published	11/02/2024	Is actin found in all eukaryotic cells?
Published	11/02/2024	Filamentous (F-actin) is built from:
Published	11/02/2024	Each G-actin monomer must have an {{c1::ATP}} bound to polymerize onto an actin filament
Published	11/02/2024	Actin filaments are formed in what three stages?
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the "steady state" stage of actin filament formation:
Published	11/02/2024	What do actin-binding proteins regulate?
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Spectrin}} and {{c1::dystrophin}} are other actin-binding proteins with important physiological roles
Published	11/02/2024	What is Muscular Dystrophy caused by?
Published	11/02/2024	What is the role of dystrophin in skeletal muscle?
Published	11/02/2024	Characteristics of Intermediate Filaments:
Published	11/02/2024	Unlike the other cytoskeletal components (actin filaments and microtubules), the subunits of intermediate filaments are {{c1::fibrous proteins}} that …
Published	11/02/2024	The principal component of microtubules is {{c1::tubulin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Describe the structure of tubulin:
Published	11/02/2024	Where does the energy for the rapid assembly and disassembly of microtubules come from?
Published	11/02/2024	Functions of microtubules (3):
Published	11/02/2024	Why are microtubule inhibitors often used for cancer chemotherapy?
Published	11/02/2024	The basic structure of a phospholipid has:A {{c1::glycerol or sphingosine}} backboneAn {{c1::alcohol}} head group linked to the backbone by a {{c1::ph…
Published	11/02/2024	Phospholipids are synthesized by the {{c1::sER}} and modified in the {{c1::golgi apparatus}}
Published	11/02/2024	Phospholipid fatty acid chains are always {{c1::even}} numbered, with one chain being {{c1::saturated}} and the other {{c1::unsaturated}}
Published	11/02/2024	The following phospholipids are found on the outer leaflet of plasmalemma under normal physiological conditions:{{c1::phosphatidylcholine (PC)sphingom…
Published	11/02/2024	A molecule that is both polar and nonpolar is said to be {{c1::amphipathic}}
Published	11/02/2024	What movements are allowed of the phospholipids in the plasmalemma?{{c1::}}
Published	11/02/2024	An integral protein can undergo {{c1::axial rotation}} and {{c1::lateral}} movements in the plasmalemma
Published	11/02/2024	Phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet of the plasmalemma could indicate {{c1::cell pathology and/or apoptosis}}
Published	11/02/2024	Phosphatidylcholine on the external leaflet of a cell is indicative of {{c1::a normal functioning cell}}
Published	11/02/2024	Glycoproteins of the plasmalemma play a key role in cell {{c1::identity}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Peripheral}} proteins are the only plasmalemma proteins that can be removed without disrupting the lipid bilayer
Published	11/02/2024	Membrane fluidity is crucial for the {{c1::equal dispersment of membrane components}} and for facilitating membrane {{c1::fusion/defusion in vesicular…
Published	11/02/2024	Rigid, cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasmalemma are referred to as {{c1::lipid rafts}}
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::FRAP}} experiment was the first of its kind to demonstrate that the plasmalemma is not static and its components undergo passive diffusion
Published	11/02/2024	what are the 3 types of lipid rafts
Published	11/02/2024	Caveolae are {{c1::flask-shaped invaginations of the plasmalemma}} produced by {{c1::caveolin}} proteins
Published	11/02/2024	The erythrocyte structurally forms a {{c1::bi-concave}} disc maintained by the activity of {{c1::ATPases on an apical, spectrin-bound actin network}}
Published	11/02/2024	Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by {{c1::a decrease in spectrin production}} that results in {{c1::spherical}} erythrocytes that {{c1::hemolyze}}
Published	11/02/2024	Hereditary elliptocytosis is caused by {{c1::a protein 4.1 mutation}} that causes {{c1::the formation of unstable actin-spectrin complexes}}
Published	11/02/2024	The remodeling of erythrocyte membranes via the actin-spectrin network requires {{c1::ATP hydrolysis}}
Published	11/02/2024	Actin functions primarily in:{{c1::regulation of physical structure of cytoplasm (gel sol state)}}{{c1::cell motility}}{{c1::contractile ring in cytok…
Published	11/02/2024	To bind to f actin, g actin must be bound to {{c1::ATP}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The (+) end G actin monomers are bound to{{c1:: ATP which will rapidly hydrolyze}}
Published	11/02/2024	Actin stages of development:{{c1::lag phase (nucleation stage)}}{{c1::polymerization}}{{c1::steady state (treadmilling stage)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Filamentous actin is composed of {{c1::two parallel}} strands of assembled monomers
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Actin}} is the primary mediator of the gel-sol state of the cell. Cells that are "firm" are said to be in the {{c1::gel}} state and exhibit {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	Dystrophin is a protein encoded by an {{c1::X-linked}} gene that is responsible for {{c1::relaying the mechanical forces of the sarcomere to the ECM}}…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Duchene}} muscular dystrophy is caused by a nonsense mutation and is characterized by {{c1::rapid musclar atrophy}} whereas {{c1::Becker}} muscu…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Dynamic instability}} refers to the rapid disassembly of microtubules caused by a thinning of {{c1::the GTP cap}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Kinesins and dyneins utilize {{c1::ATP hydrolysis}} to walk along microtubules
Published	11/02/2024	all transmembrane proteins are {{c1::integral proteins}} but not all integral proteins are {{c1::transmembrane}}
Status	Last Update	Fields