Notes in Intro to Thoracic Spine

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Published	11/02/2023	The thoracic kyphosis is the result of lesser anterior height of the thoracic vertebral body and a slight wedge shape of the thoracic discs. The avera…
Published	11/02/2023	Describe the thoracic vertebrae [4 characteristics]
Published	11/02/2023	The typical thoracic vertebrae are located where and which are atypical?
Published	11/02/2023	The superior aspect of the vertebral body of T 1 is CONCAVE in the transverse plane. This concavity is formed by the uncinate processes at the postero…
Published	11/02/2023	The inferior aspect of the body is flat. There is an ovoid facet on either side of the vertebral body for articulation with the head of the first rib.…
Published	11/02/2023	The spinal canal is relatively narrow, especially between what levels?
Published	11/02/2023	At what level does there appear to be a significant decrease in movement of the spinal cord in relation to the surrounding structures, leading to the …
Published	11/02/2023	The thoracic transverse processes are very large and are approximately level with their corresponding vertebral body. - On T1 - T10 they possess a ___…
Published	11/02/2023	The thoracic spinous processes project in what directions?
Published	11/02/2023	For palpation purposes it is good to keep the "thoracic rule of threes" in mind - what is the "thoracic rule of threes"?
Published	11/02/2023	The superior and inferior articular facets of the thoracic vertebra face what directions?
Published	11/02/2023	The angle of the facets is ____ degrees away from the frontal plane. This inclination increases in the ____ thoracic area.
Published	11/02/2023	The facet joints are oriented in such way that if the facets were inscribed on the periphery of a circle, the center of the circle would be in the mid…
Published	11/02/2023	T 12 is a transitional vertebra. The superior articular facets are still oriented in the ___ plane, while the inferior articular facets are of the lum…
Published	11/02/2023	The capsular ligaments of the facet joints are thin and loose. They are strengthened anterior and posterior by what ligaments?
Published	11/02/2023	The facet joints contribute significantly to the clinical stability of the thoracic spine. In the upper and middle portion of the thoracic spine, the …
Published	11/02/2023	The typical segment has a rib that articulates with 2 adjacent vertebrae and the disc at the costovertebral joint. The 1st, 11th and 12th ribs are a- …
Published	11/02/2023	Where they articulate with the vertebral body, the heads of the ribs develop an upward projection, similar to what in the cervical spine?
Published	11/02/2023	The C -V joint is a compound synovial joint. The joint cavity is divided into a superior and inferior compartment by the what ligament that connects t…
Published	11/02/2023	The C-V joint is strengthened by what ligament? What are the 3 parts of this ligament?
Published	11/02/2023	The first 7 ribs join the sternum by means of individual ____, the next 3 by means of _____. The last 2 ribs are free floating anteriorly and provide …
Published	11/02/2023	The sternocostal joint between the cartilage of the first rib and the sternum is a ____ [type of joint].
Published	11/02/2023	The first costal cartilage is short. This, in combination with a fibrous sternocostal joint increases the stability of the upper thoracic spine. The c…
Published	11/02/2023	The sternum has concave facets that articulate with the costocartilage of the 3rd - 6th rib. The 7th rib articulates with what? What ligament strength…
Published	11/02/2023	The anterior borders of the cartilage of ribs 6 - 10 occasionally articulate with each other via small facets in interchondral joints. What ligaments …
Published	11/02/2023	What joint connect the bony part of the ribs to the cartilaginous part?Their interlocking nature does not allow for significant movement. It does allo…
Published	11/02/2023	The manubriosternal synchondrosis usually remains separate through life, although ossification can occur. The manubrium articulates what?
Published	11/02/2023	T/F:As a whole, the spinal ligaments in the thoracic spine are more developed than in the cervical spine, but not as thick or dense as in the lumbar s…
Published	11/02/2023	Which ligament attaches superiorly and inferiorly to the lamina and pedicles?It strengthens the anterior part of the facet joints. The elastic fibers …
Published	11/02/2023	The ligamentum flavum elastic properties create a " resting" compression of the disc that may add some stability to the spine. It ensures that the lig…
Published	11/02/2023	What ligament is not as well developed in the thoracic spine as it is in the lumbar spine. It probably does not play a major role in the stability of …
Published	11/02/2023	What ligament is distinct and well developed and covers the anterior aspect of the vertebrae and the discs? It is only indirectly connected with the a…
Published	11/02/2023	What's the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the thoracic spine?
Published	11/02/2023	What ligament covers the posterior aspect of the vertebrae and the discs? It does not attach to the concavity of the body, but is separated from it by…
Published	11/02/2023	The PLL limits what motions?
Published	11/02/2023	The transverse processes are connected by cord like what [ligament]?
Published	11/02/2023	Very little is known about the anatomy of the thoracic intervertebral discs. They are overall thinner and narrower than the discs in the cervical and …
Published	11/02/2023	T/F: There is no experimental evidence that proves that pain can arise from the thoracic discs themselves.
Published	11/02/2023	The highest of thoracic disc incidence according to level is ____, the second highest ____ and ____.
Published	11/02/2023	What's the most common symptom in patients with confirmed thoracic disc herniations?
Published	11/02/2023	The first rib is small, but massively built. It is oriented inferiorly. Of all ribs it is the most curved. It has one articular facet as it only artic…
Published	11/02/2023	The articular portion of the tubercle is an oval facet that articulates with the costotransverse joint. The anterior end of the shaft has a small depr…
Published	11/02/2023	In general, what are the trends of the thoracic spine segmental mobility for flexion/extension, rotation, and sidebending?
Published	11/02/2023	Thoracic ROM [NOT in manual but was on a slide]- Flexion: - Extension: - Sidebend: - Rotation:
Published	11/02/2023	During flexion, the inferior facets of the superior thoracic vertebra glide ___ and tilt ___. The motion is limited by what?
Published	11/02/2023	During extension, the inferior facets of the superior vertebra glide ___ and tilt ___. The movement is limited by what?
Published	11/02/2023	During right sidebending, the inferior facet of the superior vertebra on the right will glide ____ and tilt ____; the inferior facet on the left will …
Published	11/02/2023	During rotation, the inferior facet of the superior vertebra glides ___ and tilts ___ on the side to which rotation occurs, and glides ___ and ____ on…
Published	11/02/2023	Sidebending and rotation are coupled ____ in the upper T - spine. In the mid- and lower thoracic spine the coupling is _____ .
Published	11/02/2023	The costovertebral (CV) joint and the costotransverse (CT) joint form a mechanically linked "joint". Common movement can only occur about an axis pass…
Published	11/02/2023	During respiration, rib movements relative to the sternum and costal cartilage takes place. During inspiration the sternum is raised and the costal ca…
Published	11/02/2023	The primary muscles of inspiration are the _____ [2]. The accessory muscles of inspiration are _____[5].
Published	11/02/2023	During expiration, most of the recoil of the ribcage is passive. The primary muscles of expiration are ____[2]. The accessory muscles are ____ [2].
Published	11/02/2023	Along the vertebral column lies the sympathetic nerve trunk, just anterior of the costotransverse joints. Mobilization of the nerve trunk is possible …
Published	11/02/2023	Compression fractures of the vertebral bodies usually occur in the ___ thoracic area.
Published	11/02/2023	Rib fractures must have a history of what?
Published	11/02/2023	Sternum fractures results from what?
Published	11/02/2023	Scoliosis is characterized by both lateral curvature and axial rotation of the vertebrae. All cases where the cause of the scoliosis remains obscure a…
Published	11/02/2023	Opposite of what was once thought, scoliosis does not come to a sudden stop once full maturity has been reached. What are reasons for adult progressio…
Published	11/02/2023	A lateral shift in the thoracic spine is usually a sign of what?
Published	11/02/2023	What are 5 causes of kyphosis?
Published	11/02/2023	Osteochondrosis is the vertebral version of Perthes' disease and Osgood Schlatter's disease and is more of a degenerative process than an inflammatory…
Published	11/02/2023	Describe osteochondrosis.
Published	11/02/2023	With osteochondrosis, pain usually starts a few years after the deformity becomes visible. What does the patient usually complain of? What's their fre…
Published	11/02/2023	What is the gold standard for diagnosis of osteochondrosis?
Published	11/02/2023	Treatment of osteochondrosis should focus on what?
Published	11/02/2023	What's the clinical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis? [4]
Published	11/02/2023	What's the diagnosis for ankylosing spondylitis? [4]
Published	11/02/2023	Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic rheumatoid disorder that almost always affects what joint?
Published	11/02/2023	What are characteristics of Ankylosing spondylitis? [5 - age, joints, gender, etc.)- Prevalence: .1-2% of US population.
Published	11/02/2023	Most thoracic DJD occurs where? - NOTE: Bonespurring usually doesn't lead to clear incidence of nerve root interference as it does in the cervical and…
Published	11/02/2023	Thoracic disc lesions occur mostly in patients between ____ years old. All derangements are ___ or ___ and are suitable for what tx?
Published	11/02/2023	Since the intervertebral foramen is bigger and each nerve root is responsible for a much smaller area, disc lesions in the thoracic spine cause fewer …
Published	11/02/2023	Costochondral conditions are caused by direct trauma. There will be pain and swelling where?
Published	11/02/2023	Acute costochondrosis is a benign inflammatory process also known as what?
Published	11/02/2023	Sternomanubrial pain results from what type of injury?
Published	11/02/2023	Describe a thoracic facet joint dysfunction [3]
Published	11/02/2023	Describe a costovertebral joint dysfunction [3]
Published	11/02/2023	What are differential diagnosis for costovertebral joint dysfunctions? [6]
Published	11/02/2023	1st rib dysfunction can be caused by what?
Published	11/02/2023	Subluxations of the 1st rib are more common in what age group?
Published	11/02/2023	Presence of a cervical rib needs to be ruled out before you do any form of mobilization. How would one rule-out/in a cervical rib?
Published	11/02/2023	If the first rib is elevated up to 1cm higher, you should suspect what?
Published	11/02/2023	What are common findings of first rib dysfunction [7]
Published	11/02/2023	The cervicothoracic junction includes what levels?
Published	11/02/2023	The plane of the CTJ facet joints change from an oblique orientation to a more frontal plane. Movements in the sagittal plane tend to decrease when go…
Published	11/02/2023	CTJ presentation is localized cervicothoracic pain with possible radiating pain into suprascapular or upper thoracic region. - Persistent cervical joi…
Published	11/02/2023	What is the differential diagnosis for restrictions in cervical flexion? [3]
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