Notes in 1- Bones

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Published	02/10/2024	Functions of bone:• Weight bearing/support • Protection (e.g. skull: brain, vertebrae: spinal cord) • Mineral store • Blood formation (red bone marrow…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the functions of bone?
Published	02/10/2024	Types of bones:
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Published	02/10/2024	The Medullary cavity contains {{c1::yellow bone marrow}}The ends of the bone which is made up of spongy bones contains {{c1::red bone marrow…
Published	02/10/2024	There are two types of membranes covering a bone:{{c1::Periosteum}} - the fibrous connective tissue membrane that surrounds a bone from the outside{{c…
Published	02/10/2024	Compact/Cortical bone is organised in circular structures called {{c1::osteons/Haversian systems}} that are connected to each other through {{c1::Volk…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous/Dipole bone}} is less dense than compact bone, with networks of lamellated trabeculae filled with bone marrow.…
Published	02/10/2024	Bones are composed of:Three cells:- {{c1::Osteoclasts}}- {{c1::Osteoblasts}}- {{c1::Osteocytes}}Extracellular matrix:~45% {{c1::hydroxyapatite crystal…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the roles of minerals (hydroxapatite) and collagen in bones?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the differences between cortical and spongy bone?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Bone turnover/remodelling}} is the process of resorption followed by replacement by new bone, and it occurs throughout a person's life…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Osteoclasts}} are large multinucleated cells found on bone surface, they are derived from haematopoietic stem cells Function: resorb bone matrix…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Osteoblasts}} are immature bone cells created from osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum & endosteumFunction: produce bone matrix (unmineralis…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Osteoid}} is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue.Ot → {{c1::osteoid}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Osteocytes}} are mature bone cells found inside lacunae within the bone matrix. • {{c2::Canaliculi}} connects lacunae to each other to allo…
Published	02/10/2024	Extracellular matrix in bone is/has:• Mainly minerals, protein (Type I collagen) & water • Strongly cross-linked & large ‘gaps’ within fibres …
Published	02/10/2024	Disorders of bone remodelling:{{c1::Osteroperosis}} → Resorption > Formation{{c1::Paget's Disease}} → ↑ Resorption/Formation{{c1::Osteopetrosis}} →…
Published	02/10/2024	Bone mass is controlled by both genes and environment.Describe this graph:
Published	02/10/2024	Mechanical loads regulate bone mass:Weightlessness / bed rest → {{c1::less}} bone massResistance & high impact sports → {{c1::higher}} bone massAt…
Published	02/10/2024	Most bones are formed by a combination of two types of ossification:[1] {{c1::Endochondral ossification}} (most common type incl. long bone growt…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Endochondral ossification (cartilaginous bone formation)}}, is when cartilage models of bones form from mesenchyme during the fetal period, and …
Published	02/10/2024	Describe the stages of endochondral ossification:
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Intramembranous ossification (membranous bone formation)}} is when mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period, and direct ossif…
Published	02/10/2024	There are two types of bone growth:{{c1::Appositional}} growth - Periosteum- Growth in diameter- Maintained by osteoblasts 'depositers' on the outside…
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