Notes in Cardiac Structure & Function

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/09/2023	area above diaphragm and between lungs where heart is located is called the {{c1::mediastinum}}
Published	10/19/2023	Heart wall→ {{c4::peri}}cardium: double-walled membranous sac outside → {{c2::epi}}cardium: outer smooth layer→ {{c3::myo}}cardium: thickest…
Published	10/13/2023	(Serous) Pericardium*{{c1::double}}-walled membranous sac outside of the other three layers but all within the fibrous pericardium→ {{c4::parietal}}: …
Published	10/10/2023	Chambers of the Heartatria separated by {{c1::interatrial septum}}ventricles are separated by {{c1::interventricular septum}}- {{c3::thickness}} of …
Published	10/13/2023	Valves of the Heart- ensure one-way blood flowatrioventricular valves (AVs): ensure one way flow from {{c3::atria}} to {{c3::ventricles}}- {{c2::…
Published	10/19/2023	Great Vesselssuperior and inferior venae cava (SVC, IVC)- bring deoxy blood from systemic circulation to {{c1::RA}}right and left pulmonary arteries- …
Published	10/13/2023	Coronary Vessels*supplies oxygen and nutrients to the {{c1::myocardium}}right coronary artery branches into {{c5::conus artery}}, {{c5::right mar…
Published	10/10/2023	Systemic circulationarteries → {{c1::arterioles}} → capillaries → {{c2::venules}} → {{c3::veins}}*{{c3::veins}} have valves to help fight gravity&nbsp…
Published	10/19/2023	Structure of blood vesselslayers→ tunica {{c1::intima}}: innermost layer, reduces friction for blood → tunica {{c2::media}}: middle/medial l…
Published	10/19/2023	Structure of blood vesselsarterial vessels- {{c3::elastic}} arteries: contain more elastic fibers than smooth muscle fibers → can absorb {{c4::energy}…
Published	10/09/2023	endothelium of blood vessels- transportation of substances- coagulation, antithrombogenesis, fibrinolysis- {{c3::immune}} system function- tissue grow…
Published	10/09/2023	veins- thin walled and fibrous with a large {{c3::diameter}}- more {{c1::numerous}} than arteries but do not {{c2::recoil}} after distension as quickl…
Published	10/09/2023	factors affecting blood flow- {{c2::pressure}}: force exerted on a liquid per unit area- {{c1::resistance}}: opposition to blood flow*determined by di…
Published	10/13/2023	veins are more {{c1::compliant}} than arteries
Published	10/19/2023	blood pressure: arterial pressure{{c1::mean arterial pressure (MAP)}}: average pressure in arteries throughout cardiac cycle *calculated by using…
Published	10/19/2023	neural control of {{c8::arterial}} resistance→ {{c7::baro}}receptors: sensitive to pressure... decrease CO and peripheral resistance*can als…
Published	10/13/2023	effect of hormones on arterial pressure- epinephrine and norepinephrine → cause vaso{{c5::constriction}}- {{c6::antidiuretic}} hormone: increase blood…
Published	10/09/2023	venous pressure- two main determinants: {{c1::volume}} of fluid in veins and {{c2::compliance (distensibility)}} of vessels walls - mechanisms th…
Published	10/09/2023	regulation of coronary circulation- {{c1::coronary perfusion}} pressure: difference between pressure in aorta and pressure in coronary vessels- {…
Published	10/09/2023	conduction system*cardiac action potentials depend on transmission of {{c1::electrical impulses}}- {{c4::sinoatrial (SA)}} node: pacemaker of heart- i…
Published	10/09/2023	process of cardiac actioncardiac excitationpropagation of cardiac action potentials- {{c1::depolarization}}: inside of cell becomes less negatively ch…
Published	10/13/2023	normal electrocardiogram (ECG)*display of sum of all cardiac {{c1::action potentials}}- P wave: {{c2::atrial depolarization}}- PR interval: {{c3::time…
Published	10/09/2023	controlling heart action{{c1::automaticity}}: property of generating {{c3::spontaneous depolarization}} to threshold- {{c1::automatic}} cells: all hea…
Published	10/19/2023	controlling heart action{{c1::autonomic}} nervous system influences rate of impulse generation (firing), depolarization, and repolarization of myocard…
Published	10/19/2023	controlling heart action: adrenergic receptors- stimulating both β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors with NE/Epi → increases {{c4::HR}} (c…
Published	10/19/2023	myocardial cells1. contain {{c1::intercalated}} disks, which are specialized intercellular junctions that transmit potentials faster 2. contain l…
Published	10/19/2023	myocardial contractility- change in {{c5::tension}} occurs at a given resting fiber length - contraction occurs when {{c1::sarcomere}} shortens →…
Published	10/13/2023	myocardial contraction and relaxationcross-bridge cycle- attachement of actin to myosin at {{c1::cross bridge}} → myosin head molecules undergoes posi…
Published	10/09/2023	cardiac output- volume of blood flowing through either {{c2::systemic}} or {{c2::pulmonary}} circuit (expressed in L/min)- calculated by mulitplying {…
Published	10/09/2023	ejection fraction- amount of blood ejected per {{c1::beat}}*calculated by dividing {{c2::SV}} by {{c2::EDV}}- can be an indicator of {{c3::ventricular…
Published	10/13/2023	factors affecting cardiac output{{c2::preload}}: volume inside ventricle at end of diastole aka VEDV or VEDPLaw of Laplace→ determined by amoun…
Published	10/19/2023	{{c2::Frank-Starling}} law of the heart- myocardial {{c4::stretch}} (~ volume of blood at the end of {{c3::diastole}}) determines force of m…
Published	10/19/2023	Myocardial contractility*depends on avilable calcium concentration, but also the following... {{c1::stroke volume}}: volume of blood ejected duri…
Published	10/13/2023	Heart rate*average HR in health adults: ~70 bpm- regulated by cardiovascular {{c1::vasomotor control}} center, specificaly cardioexcitatory and cardio…
Published	10/09/2023	ba6a411e0dfb479ebb6d90b2d455485c-ao-1
Published	10/09/2023	ba6a411e0dfb479ebb6d90b2d455485c-ao-2
Published	10/09/2023	ba6a411e0dfb479ebb6d90b2d455485c-ao-3
Published	10/10/2023	ba6a411e0dfb479ebb6d90b2d455485c-ao-4
Published	10/10/2023	{{c1::metarteriole}} directly connects the arteriole and venule of a capillary bed
Published	10/10/2023	the heart derived from visceral {{c2::mesoderm}}the heart begins as a single tube with inflow through {{c1::sinus venosus}} and outflow through {{c1::…
Published	10/10/2023	The {{c2::primitive atrium}} forms the {{c3::rough}} walled portions of right and left atriaThe {{c4::right}} horn of the sinus venosus will form the …
Published	10/10/2023	The left ventricle is derived from the {{c5::primitive ventricle}}, while the right ventricle is derived from the {{c5::bulbu…
Published	10/10/2023	The interatrial wall is formed by the septum {{c8::primum}} and septum {{c8::secundum}}→ but a passageway/communication between the two atria persists…
Published	10/10/2023	The aortic arches will develop into important adult structures of the vascular system: - left 6th arch → {{c10::ductus arteriosus}}- right 6th ar…
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-1
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-2
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-3
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-4
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-5
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-6
Published	10/10/2023	86c8d62edfb4448eb0f7e4b44f81ed3b-ao-7
Published	10/19/2023	Components of Conduction System:- Sinoatrial (SA) node*conducting/pacemaker cells in SA node are {{c2::autorythmic}} and send out their own electrical…
Published	10/10/2023	*{{c1::ectopic}}/latent pacemaker cells exist at various other areas other than the SA node that regulate heart beat if SA node fails
Published	10/10/2023	Intrinsic Conduction System- fibers in the {{c1::cardiopulmonary plexus}} stimulate/inhibit the {{c2::SA}} node (“pacemaker of heart”) → impulse …
Published	10/10/2023	Cardiopulmonary Plexus*diffuse {{c1::aggregation}} of nerve fibers from SNS and PNS located in tracheal {{c2::bifurcation}}, {{c2::hilum}} of lung, an…
Published	10/10/2023	Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker- lead is inserted through venous system into {{c5::RV}} (and potentially RA and LV) → placed in contact with {{c6::endoca…
Published	10/10/2023	the conduction system controls the heart {{c2::rate}} and {{c2::contractility}} through a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic signals conductio…
Published	10/19/2023	Cardiovascular drugs that work directly on heart*inotropes alter {{c1::cardiac output}} Positive inotropes- beta-1 receptor agonists (ex:&nb…
Published	10/22/2023	Drugs that work directly on blood vesselsVasodilators (decrease BP)- Calcium (dihydropyridine) channel blockers: (ex: Nife{{c1::dipine}}, ****{{c…
Published	10/19/2023	Other cardiovascular drugsACE inhibitors: Lisino{{c1::pril}}, ***{{c1::pril}})commonly used anti-hypertensive {{c2::Angiotensin II receptor blocker…
Status	Last Update	Fields