Notes in 12Hematopoiesis

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureMean diameter of RBC: {{c1::7 to 8::range}} μm Mean volume of RBC: {{c1::90::whole number}} fL
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureRBC {{c1::has no::has/has no}} nucelus or mitochondria, thus it is able to transerve fenestrations in the endothelial layer.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureRBC cannot synthesize proteins and is packaged enough with limited metabolism.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureQC: (1) Surface Area(2) Volume{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureIn the RBC membrane, {{c1::cholesterol::lipid}} is found in a bilayer in a {{c1::1:1}} ratio with phospholipids.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureRBC cholesterol content depends on the plasma concentration of cholesterol, free bile acids, and the estrifying enzyme {{c1::lechithin ch…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructurePatients with {{c1::hepatocellular disease::condition}} or {{c1::biliary obstruction::condition}} have impaired LCAT activity.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureHepatocellular disease or biliary obstruction have impaired LCAT activity which results in {{c1::cholesterol overloading}}, leading to th…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC StructureProteins like Band 3 and Spectrin {{c1::maintain the RBC shape::Function}}.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: Integral ProteinsAnion channels are important for the {{c1::chloride shift}}.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: Integral ProteinsOligosaccharide chains provide a negative charge to the RBC surface which prevents {{c1::autoagglutinatio…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: Peipheral ProteinsPeripheral proteins provide structual network, where abnormalities result in {{c1::cell-shape deformitie…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: AntigensThe outside layer of the RBC membrane contains numerous antigenic determinants which proved a specific genetically…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: AntigensAntigens are mostly composed of {{c1::oligosaccharide::sugar}} groups of the integral proteins.
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: AntigensThe only antigenic groups that is not an intrinsic part of the membrane and appear during early cell development.{…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Membrane Proteins: AntigensMost common RBC antigen systems: {{c1::ABO}} and {{c1::Rh}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismMajor pathway for RBC metabolism{{c1::Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismProcess: Glucose -> Lactice Acid = 2ATP{{c1::Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismProcess: Glucose -> Lactice Acid = 2ATP{{c1::Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismMost common enzyme deficiency of the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway{{c1::Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismMost common form of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia{{c1::Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismPossible Peripheral Blood Smear findings in PK deficiency{{c1::Acathocytes}} and {{c1::Burr Cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismProvides reduced glutathion to prevent hemoglobin denaturation {{c1::Hexose Monophosphate Shunt}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismMost common red cell enzyme deficiency (screened during newborn screening){{c1::G6PD Deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismPossible Peripheral Blood Smear findings in G6PD:{{c1::Heinz Bodies}} and {{c1::Bite Cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismMaintains hemoglobin iron in ferrous state {{c1::Methemoglobin Reducatse Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismGenerates 2, 3-DPG that regulates hemoglobin affinity for O2{{c1::Rapaport-Luebering Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBC MetabolismAssociated with the oxygen dissociation curve{{c1::Rapaport-Luebering Pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oxygen dissociation curveIncrease in [H+], pCO2, 2,3-DPG, Temperature causes a shift to the {{c2::right}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oxygen dissociation curveIncrease in [H+], pCO2, 2,3-DPG, Temperature {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} affinity of O2 to Hb.
Published	07/30/2024	Oxygen dissociation curveFetal hemoglobin will cause a shift to the {{c1::left::right/left}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis Cell Lines Stem CellProgenitor CellsPrecursor CellsMature Cells HScCMP, GMP, CFU-G{{c1::Myeloblast…
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis Stages of Granulocyte Maturation  StageDiameterCytoplasmNucelus Myelobast15-20 μmSmall amount…
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis Stages of Granulocyte Maturation (Mature Granulocyte) StageDiameterCytoplasmNucelus Segmented Neutrophil  9-15 μm  …
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis: Stages of Granulocyte MaturationEarliest recognizable stage {{c1::Myeloblast}}
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis: Stages of Granulocyte MaturationLast stage capable of cell division{{c1::Myelocyte}}
Published	07/30/2024	Grenulopoiesis: Stages of Granulocyte MaturationYoungest stage to normally appear in peripheral blood{{c1::Band}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Order of release: {{c1::Secretory granules}} -> {{c1::Tertiary Granules}} -> {{c1::Secondary granules}} -> {{c1::Pri…
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Formed during the promyelocyte stage but last to be released{{c1::Primary/Azurophilic Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Granule type? Myeloperoxidase, Cathepsins, Defensins{{c1::Primary/Azurophilic Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Formed during myelocyte and metamyelocyte stage; Third to be released{{c1::Secondary/Sepcific Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Granule Type?Beta 2-microglobulin, Lactoferrin, Neurtophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin{{c1::Secondary/Sepcific Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Formed during the metamyelocyte and band stage; Second to be released{{c1::Tertiary Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Granule type?Gelatinase, lysozyme{{c1::Tertiary Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Formed during the band and segmented neutrophil stage; first to be released since (fused with plasma membrane){{c1::Secretory…
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Granule type?Alkaline phosphatase, complement receptors{{c1::Secretory Granules/Vesicles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Formed during the promyelocyte stage and contains Charcot-Leyden crystal protein{{c1::Primary Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Granule type? Major basic protein (core), Eosinophil cationic protein (matrix), Eosinophil peroxidase (matrix), Catalase…
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Specfic granule type under Secondary Granules? Acid phsphatase, catalase{{c1::Small Lysosomal Granules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Specfic granule type under Secondary Granules? Cycooxygenase{{c1::Lipid bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Carries proteins from secondary granules to be released into the extracellular medium{{c1::Storage vesicles}}
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophil Granules Cyclooxygenase is important for the synthesis of {{c1::prostaglandins}} from arachidonic acid.
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Granules Deficiency of {{c1::myeloperoxidase}} leads to abnormal function of WBC to phagocytose.
Published	07/30/2024	Basophil Granules Secondary Granules (emphasized in lecture)- {{c1::Histamine}}- {{c1::Platelet activating-factor}}- {{c2::Vascular endothelial g…
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophil Pools  Stem Cell PoolProliferation PoolMaturation Pool HScCMP, CMP, {{c1::Myeloblast}}, {{c1::promyelo…
Published	07/30/2024	Lifespan of Granulocytes  GranulocyteTime it will remain in Maturation-Storage PhaseAverage life span in circulating blood …
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral Blood Circulating Neutrophil pool - found in {{c1::plasma}}Marginal Neutrophil pool - found in {{c1::blood vessel wall (adhere)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peripheral Blood Ratio of Neutrophils in the Circulating Pool to Marginal Pool is {{c1::50:50}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Monopoiesis  Stem CellProgenitor CellsPrecursor CellsMature CellsTissue HScCMP, GMP, CFU-M{{c1::Monoblast}}, {{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Stages of Monocyte Maturation  StageDiameterCytoplasmNucelus Monoblast12-20 um{{c1::Nongranular::granules}}{{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	Macrophages  LocationSpecific Name Liver{{c1::Kupffer cells}}Lungs{{c1::Alveolar macrophages}}, {{c1::dust cells}…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of BloodLiquid Portion consists of {{c1::55}}% of total blood volume
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Mesoblastic}} phase of hematopoietic development starts at the {{c2::19}}th day gestation confined in the {{c3::blood islands of the yo…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c4::Mesoblastic}} phase of hematopoiesis is confined to erythropoiesis with 3 main embryonic hemoglobins:Gower 1: 2 {{c1::zeta}}, 2 {{c1::epsilo…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Hepatic}} phase of hematopoietic development starts at the {{c3::3rd (middle trimester)}} month in the {{c2::fetal liver, spleen, thymu…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c3::Hepatic}} phase of hematopoiesis sees granulocyte production as well. There are 3 main hemglobins produced:HbF: 2 {{c1::alpha}}, 2 {{c1::gam…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Medullary/Myeloid}} phase of hematopoietic development starts between the {{c2::5th and 6th}} month gestation confined in the {{c3::bone mar…
Published	07/30/2024	QC Percent Composition of Red Marrow in 1. Adults 2. Children{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Once patient reaches {{c1::20}} years of age, hematopoiesis becomes confined in the vertebra, sternum, rib, and the pelvic bones (where red bone marro…
Published	07/30/2024	The long bones (e.g. Tibia and femur) would only have the red marrow at the {{c1::proximal}} portion, which will also eventually disappear.
Published	07/30/2024	Fat-cell occupation of the bone marrow begins at {{c1::4}} years old. This is called {{c2::retrogression}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bone Marrow Cellularity}} - Percentage of marrow space occupied by hematopoietic cells compared to fat
Published	07/30/2024	Bome Marrow CellularityHypercellular/Hyperplastic marrow has {{c1::>70}}% hematopoietic cellsNormocellular marrow has {{c1::30 - 70}}%Hypocellular/…
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio (M:E ratio): {{c1::2-4:1}}
Published	07/30/2024	Commonly used stain for marrow specimens:{{c1::Wright’s stain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common stain for for quantization of iron:{{c1::Prussian blue stain}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::500}}, and preferably {{c1::1000}} cells be counted for a marrow differential using {{c2::EDTA}} as anticoagulant or none
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Common myeloid progenitor}} cells give rise to RBC, WBC, and megakaryocyte
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Common lymphoid progenitor}} cells give rise to T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells
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Published	07/30/2024	On determining WBC maturity, the most valuable and reliable criterion is the {{c1::nuclear chromatin pattern}}. (starts as coarse and become more cond…
Published	07/30/2024	In differentiating the maturation stages of the {{c2::megakaryotic}} cells, emphasis should be placed on the {{c1::cytoplasmic appearance}} rather tha…
Published	07/30/2024	Hematopoietic progenitor cells:{{c1::Noncommitted or undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)}}• Capable of self-renewal• Pluripotent• Gives r…
Published	07/30/2024	Hematopoietic progenitor cells:{{c1::Committed Progenitor cells}}• Gives rise to a particular cell line
Published	07/30/2024	Immature forms – {{c1::blasts}}o Undergoes maturation in the {{c2::bone marrow}}
Published	07/30/2024	Erythropoiesis normally takes {{c1::3-5}} days for the production of reticulocytes from pronormoblasts.Reticulocytes remain in the bone marrow fo…
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from the kidneys, the {{c1::liver}} can also produce EPO
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypoxia}} is main stimulus to increase EPO production in peritubular cells mainly by transcriptional regulation
Published	07/30/2024	1 Rubriblast can produce up to {{c1::16}} RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	PronormoblastN/C ratio: {{c1::8:1 (very large nucleus and small portion of cytoplasm)}}
Published	07/30/2024	PronormoblastNucleoli: {{c1::1-2}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte/early normoblast::all names}} is the last RBC development stage with a nucleolus
Published	07/30/2024	LymphocyteRubricyte Nucleus{{c1::Crushed velvet}}{{c2::Checkerboard}}Cytoplasm{{c1::Sky-blue/Robin-egg blue}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ORTHOCHROMIC NORMOBLAST}}• Last stage with a nucleus• Nucleus is extruded at this stage and the cell becomes a reticulocyte• {{c2::Pyrenocyte}}:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::RETICULOCYTE}}• Last stage of hemoglobin synthesis• Last immature erythrocyte stage• Spend 2 to 3 days in bone marrow and 1 day in the periphera…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Shift}} cells• AKA: {{c2::Polychromatophilic macrocytes}}• Seen in cases of increased RBC production
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stress}} reticulocytes• AKA: {{c2::Macroreticulocytes}}• Seen in more severe conditions (ex. Hemolytic anemia)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MATURE ERYTHROCYTE/ DISCOCYTE}}• No mitochondria thus no hemoglobin/protein synthesis• Shape: {{c2::Biconcave disk (thinner in the middle)}}• No…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemoglobin}} - Transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin is synthesized by {{c1::RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin Composition1. {{c1::Four}} subunits, each containing {{c2::heme}} and {{c2::globin}}2. Two {{c3::beta}} chains and two {{c3::alpha}} chains…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heme}}• Consists of a ring of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms called {{c2::protoporphyrin IX}}, with a central atom of divalent {{c3::ferro…
Published	07/30/2024	Heme Synthesis• Heme biosynthesis occurs in the {{c1::mitochondria::Organelle}} and {{c1::cytoplasm}} of {{c2::bone marrow::Organ}} erythrocyte precur…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Globin}} Structure• The four {{c1::globin}} chains comprising each hemoglobin molecule consist of two identical pairs of unlike polypeptide chai…
Published	07/30/2024	Globin Synthesis• The globin portion of hemoglobin is produced on {{c1::specific ribosomes}} in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells.
Published	07/30/2024	Globin Synthesis• The globin portion of hemoglobin is produced on specific ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells.• The globin in each hemo…
Published	07/30/2024	Greek Name No. of Amino AcidsChromosomes {{c1::Alpha, Zeta}}141 amino acidsChromosome{{c3::16}}{{c2::Beta…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemoglobinopathy}}{{c2::Thalassemia}} AbnormalityQualitative abnormality.Abnormality in amino acid seq…
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphopoiesis  StageDiameterCytoplasmNucleus Lymphoblast10 - 18 um{{c1::No granules::granules}}, smooth {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphopoiesis: Mature Lymphocyte  StageDiameterCytoplasmNucleus  Small lymphocyte8 - 10 um (approx. size of …
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphocyte SubpopulationsDerived from bone marrow, functions for humoral immunity{{c1::B lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphocyte SubpopulationsMatures in thymus, functions for cellular immunity{{c1::T lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphocyte SubpopulationsLacks the characteristics of mature T and B cells but morphologically resemble large granular lymphocytes; destruction of inf…
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphocyte Subpopulations10-20% - {{c1::B lymphocytes}}60-80% - {{c1::T lymphocytes}}<10% - {{c1::NK, Null, or Third Population lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Plasma CellCytoplasm - {{c1::basophilic::staining}}- contains {{c2::Russell bodies}} - {{c3::Hof or perinuclear halo}}: lighter stainin…
Published	07/30/2024	Plasma CellNucleus - Chromatin is {{c1::condensed and coarse}}- {{c2::Cartwheel-like pattern}}- {{c3::round or oval}} in shape- eccentrically loc…
Published	07/30/2024	Plasma CellMost common malignant disease of plasma cells{{c1::Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Megakaryopoiesis Stem CellProgenitor CellsPrecursor cellsMature cell HScCMPMEPBFU-Meg CFU-MegLD-CFU-Meg{{c1::Mega…
Published	07/30/2024	MegakaryopoiesisIt takes {{c1::4-5}} days for the megakaryocyte to mature in the bone marrow.
Published	07/30/2024	MegakaryopoiesisMegakaryocytes are the largest cell in the {{c1::bone marrow}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Megakaryopoiesis{{c1::Endomitosis}}: Cytoplasmic division without nuclear division
Published	07/30/2024	Megakaryopoiesis FeatureMK-IMK-IIMK-III % precursors{{c1::20}}{{c1::25}}{{c1::55}}Diameter14-18 um15-40 um30-50 umNucl…
Published	07/30/2024	Platelets DiameterCytoplasmNucleusLifespanLocation 1 – 4 um{{c1::Light blue to purple::color}}, {{c1::very granular::g…
Published	07/30/2024	PlateletsSplenomegaly results in {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} platelets in peripheral blood.
Published	07/30/2024	PlateletsComposed of 60% {{c1::protein}}30% {{c1::lipid}}8% {{c1::carbohydrates}}Various minerals, water, nucleotides
Published	07/30/2024	Platelets Structure AreaDescription {{c1::Peripheral zone}}responsible for {{c2::adhesion and aggregation}}contains {{…
Published	07/30/2024	The Pronormoblast can produce {{c2::2}} basophilic normoblasts or {{c3::16}} RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	An adult has around {{c1::5-6}} L of blood
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast/Rubriblast::all names}} is the earliest recognizable erythroid precursor using the light microscope
Published	07/30/2024	The Basophilic normoblast can produce {{c1::4}} polychromatophilic normoblasts
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Polychromatophilic normoblast/Rubricyte/Intermediate normoblast::all names}} is the last stage of RBC development capable of mitosis an…
Published	07/30/2024	RBC Metabolism90% glycolysis (anaerobic) - {{c1::Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway::pathway}} 10% glycolysis (aerobic) - {{c1::Hexose Monophosphate Shunt:…
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