Notes in Retina

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Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Diabetic retinopathy}} is the term use to describe the retinal damage causing visual loss in diabetes
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::20%}} of patients with newly diagnosed diabetes will also show signs of retinopathy on exam
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of microvascular damage, such as that of the retina, in diabetes is {{c1::a glycosylation reaction between sugar and proteins of blood v…
Published	08/28/2024	The most accurate predictor of retinopathy in diabetes is {{c1::duration of diabetes}}
Published	08/28/2024	The two types of diabetic retinopathy are {{c1::nonproliferative (NPDR)}} and {{c2::proliferative}}
Published	08/28/2024	95% of patients with diabetic retinopathy have which type?{{c1::NPDR}}
Published	08/28/2024	NPDR occurs late in the progression of retinopathy. T/F?{{c1::F: this is actually the earliest stage of retinopathy and progresses slowly}}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of NPDR is {{c1::capillary wall breakdown (an early sign of retinal damage in diabetes)}}, which is seen on fundus exam as {{c2::vessel …
Published	08/28/2024	Dot-and-blot hemorrhages seen in NPDR are small and round because {{c1::they occur in the deep longitudinally oriented cells of retina }}
Published	08/28/2024	Worsening NPDR can cause ischemia of the retina, which presents with {{c1::cotton-wool spots }}
Published	08/28/2024	Cotton wool spots are seen in retinal ischemia secondary to NPDR, but they can also be seen in {{c1::HTN and venous stasis}}
Published	08/28/2024	Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by {{c1::neovascularization}} due to {{c2::ischemic retina releasing VEGF}}
Published	08/28/2024	The issue with neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy is {{c1::1. New vessels are abnormal and thus prone to leaking2. They gro…
Published	08/28/2024	The most common cause of blindness in patients with diabetes is {{c1::macular edema}}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of macular edema is {{c1::capillary leakage/aneurysm bursting at the macula causing the macular retina to swell with fluid }}
Published	08/28/2024	Examination findings of patients with macular edema include {{c1::slight elevation of macula and hard exudates}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cotton wool spots}} indicate {{c1::ischemia/infarction of the superficial retinal nerve fibers}}
Published	08/28/2024	The major categories of treatment for diabetic retinopathy are {{c1::laser treatment}} and {{c2::vitrectomy}}
Published	08/28/2024	The laser treatments of diabetic retinopathy include1. Macular edema: {{c1::Argon laser to seal leaking vessels/aneurysm to improve macular edema. Thi…
Published	08/28/2024	Side effects of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) include {{c1::loss of peripheral vision and decreased night vision (since you lose rods)}}
Published	08/28/2024	The purpose of a vitrectomy in diabetic retinopathy is to {{c2::remove hemorrhaged blood, inflammatory cells, other debris and remove strands of vitre…
Published	08/28/2024	Retinal detachments occur between the {{c1::sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid}}
Published	08/28/2024	Men and women have an equal risk of retinal detachment. T/F?{{c1::T}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which races have a higher risk of retinal detachment?{{c1::Jewish}}
Published	08/28/2024	What races have a lower risk of retinal detachment?{{c1::Blacks}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Myopic}} eyes are more likely to have retinal detachments because {{c1::the eyes are larger/longer and have thinner retinas at the periphery}}
Published	08/28/2024	The three different mechanisms of retinal detachments are:1. {{c1::Rhegmatogenous: actual tear in retina (spontaneous, trauma, surgery, from pre-exist…
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms of retinal detachments are {{c1::Photopsias (flashing lights due to stimulation of photoreceptors by mechanical touch of retina)Floaters…
Published	08/28/2024	Exam findings of a patient with a retinal detachment include {{c1::retina floating around lol, Shafer's sign (pigment floating in anterior vitreous)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of retinal detachment include:{{c1::1. Scleral buckling: more for anterior breaks 2. Pneumatic retinopexy with gas or silicone oil to t…
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of AMD is {{c1::extracellular breakdown products in Bruch's membrane}}
Published	08/28/2024	Wet ARMD occurs because of {{c1::a break in Bruch's membrane}}, causing {{c2::vessels to grow up out of the choroidal circulation into retina. They ca…
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of dry ARMD includes{{c1::Supplements: Vits A/E/C, zinc, lutein, zeaxathin, omega-3 fatty acidsAvoid: cigarettesMonitor: vision with the Ams…
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of wet ARMD includes{{c1::1. Anti-VEGF: bevacizumab (avastin), ibizumab (lucentis), or aflibercept (eylea)2. Photodynamic therapy: give vert…
Published	08/28/2024	Anti-vegf drugs?{{c1::Avastin}} = {{c2::Bevacizumab}}{{c3::Lucentis}} = {{c4::Ibizumab}}{{c5::Eylea}} = {{c6::Aflibercept}}
Published	08/28/2024	Risk factors for ARMD are {{c1::old age, caucasion, smokers}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::White centered hemorrhage = Roth spot. Roth spot is nonspecific. It can be seen in septic emboli, but also, it could be infarct in center with b…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Neovascularization of optic nerve. }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::PRP}}
Published	08/28/2024	Hypertensive retinopathy presents with {{c1::AV nicking}} and {{c2::copper or silver wire arterial changes}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Papilledema: blurred margins of optic nerve, can see blood vessels falling off}}
Published	08/28/2024	What medications are assocaited with idiopathic intracranial HTN = pseudotumor cerebri?{{c1::Vitamin A, steroids or steroid withdrawal, tetracycline, …
Published	08/28/2024	Symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri include {{c1::Headaches (early AM)N/VPulsatile tinnitusTransient visual obscurations (black-outs)Enlarged blind s…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::CRAO}}
Published	08/28/2024	Retinal exam findings in pt with CRAO include{{c1::Segmentation of blood in retinal arterioles (“box-carring”)Axoplasmic flow stasis with retinal edem…
Published	08/28/2024	Causes of CRAO include:{{c1::EmbolizationLocalized atheromatous stenosisArteritic obliteration (temporal arteritis)Reduced vascular perfusionVasospasm…
Published	08/28/2024	CRAO persisting >{{c1::100 minutes}} leads to permanent loss of vision
Published	08/28/2024	What infection prophylaxis should be given to patients suspected for globe rupture prior to surgery?{{c1::Tetanus}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Vitreous floater}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Diabetic retinopathy: can see some hemorrhages (dot/blot)}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Diabetic retinopathy. Could also be hypertensive}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Wet macular degeneration}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Papilledema}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO): diffuse retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants, tortuous retinal veins}}
Published	08/28/2024	A {{c1::Weiss ring}} is a circular ring of cellular debris that comes off the optic nerve in a vitreous detachment
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Retinitis pigmentosa}} is a genetic disorder that affects {{c1::the photoreceptors (rods usually)}}
Published	08/28/2024	The most populous cells in the retina are {{c1::rods}}
Published	08/28/2024	Responsibilities of reetinal cells:Rods: {{c1::peripheral and low light vision}}Cones: {{c2::central and color vision}}
Published	08/28/2024	Shafer's sign is only seen with what kind of retinal detachment?{{c1::Rhegmatogenous}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Asteroid hyalosis}} is harmless calcium soap deposits in the vitreous that look like white specks or snowflakes
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