Notes in Week 5

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/25/2023	70c38f17b6804c469df8fceb3537ee21-ao-1
Published	10/25/2023	70c38f17b6804c469df8fceb3537ee21-ao-2
Published	10/25/2023	70c38f17b6804c469df8fceb3537ee21-ao-3
Published	10/25/2023	70c38f17b6804c469df8fceb3537ee21-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	89c7bcf9ce8c468789464fd5e328754f-ao-1
Published	10/25/2023	89c7bcf9ce8c468789464fd5e328754f-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	89c7bcf9ce8c468789464fd5e328754f-ao-3
Published	10/25/2023	89c7bcf9ce8c468789464fd5e328754f-ao-4
Published	10/25/2023	d6e4af42d5b9495c9099644a62a04282-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	d6e4af42d5b9495c9099644a62a04282-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	d6e4af42d5b9495c9099644a62a04282-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	d6e4af42d5b9495c9099644a62a04282-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	7db8a10fdacb40c4b7073fb5e88c4645-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	7db8a10fdacb40c4b7073fb5e88c4645-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	38a38365746248d3b4e1bcae019c8e29-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	38a38365746248d3b4e1bcae019c8e29-ao-2
Published	10/25/2023	Molecules measured for anion gap are {{c1::Na+}}, {{c1::Cl-}}, and {{c1::HCO3-}}
Published	10/25/2023	A normal anion gap is {{c1::8-12}}, but anything above {{c2::20}} is significant
Published	10/25/2023	{{c3::Winter's}} formula is used in the setting of {{c1::metabolic acidosis}} to determine {{c2::respiratory}} compensation
Published	10/25/2023	Winter's formula:({{c1::Serum bicarb}} * 1.5) + {{c2::8}} +/- {{c2::2}} = {{c3::Expected pCO2}}
Published	10/26/2023	The 4 main causes of {{c5::anion gap metabolic acidosis}}:{{c1::Lactate}}{{c2::Ingestion}}{{c3::Ketones}}{{c4::Renal failure}}
Published	10/25/2023	Normal ABG ranges for:pH: {{c1::7.35-7.45}}PaCO2: {{c2::35-45}} mmHgHCO3-: {{c3::22-29}} mEq/L
Published	10/25/2023	Non-renal causes of {{c4::non-gap}} metabolic acidosis include {{c1::diarrhea}}, {{c2::HCl}} ingestion, and {{c3::normal saline}}
Published	10/25/2023	In a type {{c2::I}} ({{c2::distal}}) renal tubular acidosis, there is an impaired ability to generate {{c1::H+}}
Published	10/25/2023	The most common cause of type I RTA is {{c1::Sjogren syndrome}}. The most common features of type I RTA is {{c2::hyper}}calcuria and {{c3::nephro…
Published	10/25/2023	In a type {{c2::II}} ({{c2::proximal}}) renal tubular acidosis, there is an impaired ability to reabsorb {{c1::filtered bicarbonate}}
Published	10/25/2023	The most common cause of type II RTA is {{c1::multiple myeloma}}. The most common features of type II RTA is {{c2::glycos}}uria, {{c3::uricos}}ur…
Published	10/26/2023	In a type {{c2::IV}} renal tubular acidosis, there is {{c1::hypo}}aldosteronism
Published	10/25/2023	The most common cause of type IV RTA is {{c1::diabetic nephropathy}}. The most common features of type IV RTA is {{c2::hyper}}kalemia
Published	10/25/2023	To determine respiratory compensation in {{c1::metabolic alkalosis}}, the expected pCO2 = {{c2::70%}} of change in {{c3::bicarbonate}}
Published	10/25/2023	Metabolic alkalosis generation can be caused by:1. net loss of {{c1::hydrogen}} and {{c1::chloride}} ions via either the {{c2::GI tract}} or {{c2::kid…
Published	10/25/2023	The two types of metabolic alkalosis are {{c1::chloride responsive}} and {{c2::chloride resistant}}
Published	10/25/2023	Chloride responsive metabolic alkalosis has Urine Cl- < {{c3::25}}meq/L and are primarily caused by {{c1::gastric fluid losses (vomiting)}} or…
Published	10/25/2023	Chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis has Urine Cl- > {{c1::40}}meq/L and are primarily caused by {{c2::hyperaldosteronism}}
Published	10/25/2023	Corrected anion gap for albumin = actual anion gap + {{c1::2.5}} * ({{c2::reference albumin}} - {{c2::actual albumin}})
Published	10/25/2023	Type IV RTA causes impaired {{c1::ammonia}}genesis because of {{c2::hyper}}kalemia
Published	10/25/2023	Urine anion gap = Urinary ({{c2::Na+}} + {{c2::K+}}) - {{c2::Cl- }}RTA should have a {{c1::positive}} urine anion gap
Published	10/25/2023	Only use the urine anion gap in the setting of {{c1::non-gap metabolic acidosis}}
Published	10/25/2023	In type I RTA, the urine pH is always {{c1::>5.5}}
Published	10/25/2023	Type I RTA results in a high risk for {{c1::calcium phosphate stones}}
Published	10/25/2023	Most common cause of type IV RTA is {{c1::diabetes mellitus}}
Published	10/25/2023	{{c1::A}}
Published	10/25/2023	What is the hall mark of cell necrosis?{{c1::Cell membrane rupture}}
Published	10/25/2023	{{c1::Acute mitral regurgitation}} and {{c1::interventricular septum rupture}}
Published	10/25/2023	{{c1::4-12 hours}}
Published	10/25/2023	Image on the left represents {{c1::coagulative necrosis}}
Published	10/25/2023	What is the underlying mechanism of cardiogenic pulmonary edema?{{c1::Increased}} pulmonary capillary {{c2::hydrostatic}} pressure
Published	10/25/2023	Appropriate medication for an acute pulmonary edema is {{c1::loop diuretics (furosemide)}}
Published	10/25/2023	Area of old infarct: {{c1::}}
Published	10/25/2023	Area of new infarct:{{c1::}}
Published	10/25/2023	Identify area of necrosis:{{c1::}}
Published	10/25/2023	This section represents {{c1::granulation tissue}}
Published	10/25/2023	A: {{c1::Capillaries}}B: {{c2::Collagen}}C: {{c3::Fibroblast}}
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::infective myocarditis}}
Published	10/25/2023	{{c1::Lymphocytes}}
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy}} which causes {{c2::myofiber disarray}}
Published	10/25/2023	This would be an example of {{c1::dilated cardiomyopathy}}
Published	10/25/2023	{{c1::Dilated}} cardiomyopathy can cause {{c2::congestive hepatomegaly}} in the liver
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::restrictive cardiomyopathy}} secondary to {{c2::amyloidosis}}
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::cardiomegaly}} secondary to {{c2::CHF}}
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pericardial effusion}}
Published	10/25/2023	These are known as the {{c1::fat pad}} or {{c1::Oreo Cookie}} sign, which is indicative of {{c2::pericardial effusion}}
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::left atrial}} enlargement
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::left ventricular}} enlargement
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::RA and RV}} enlargement
Published	10/26/2023	This is an example of aortic valve {{c1:: regurgitation/insufficiency}}
Published	10/26/2023	This is an example of mitral valve {{c1::regurgitation}}
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-1
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-2
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-3
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-4
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-5
Published	10/25/2023	65e3fca0ea6042dc8cab92a73e9f2412-ao-6
Published	10/26/2023	This is an example of {{c1::pulmonary artery}} hypertension
Published	10/25/2023	This is an example of {{c1::aneurysm of ascending thoracic aorta}}
Published	10/25/2023	Is there a stent? If so, where?{{c1::}}
Published	10/26/2023	Major determinants of alveolar gas exchange:Surface of {{c1::diffusion}}{{c2::Partial pressure}} gradients of gasesMatching of {{c3::ventilation}} and…
Published	10/26/2023	Dalton's Law:Ptotal = {{c1::PA + PB + etc.}}PA = ({{c2::Ptotal}} - {{c2::PH2O}}) * {{c3::FA }}
Published	10/26/2023	55fe0ac715c142b0b619b4796259189d-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	55fe0ac715c142b0b619b4796259189d-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	d79f29e4bd434e83a5ef89c96c458f69-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	d79f29e4bd434e83a5ef89c96c458f69-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	d79f29e4bd434e83a5ef89c96c458f69-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	d79f29e4bd434e83a5ef89c96c458f69-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	PCO2 and PO2 will always have a/an {{c1::inverse}} relationship in the lungs
Published	10/26/2023	Fick's Law of DiffusionV = [({{c1::PA}}-{{c1::Pa}}) * {{c2::A}} * {{c2::D}}] / {{c3::T }}
Published	10/26/2023	Boyle's Law: {{c1::V1P1 = V2P2::equation}}During inspiration, there is {{c2::increased}} lung volume and {{c2::decreased}} alveolar pressure
Published	10/26/2023	The solubility of CO2 is {{c1::higher}} than O2
Published	10/26/2023	3e13b2094ff34f72b501f6726ea20127-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	3e13b2094ff34f72b501f6726ea20127-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	Henry's Law:{{c1::Cx }}= {{c2::Px}} * {{c2::Sx }}
Published	10/26/2023	CO2 = {{c1::0.3}} mL O2/100mL of blood per mmHg
Published	10/26/2023	Minute Ventilation:{{c1::VE}} = {{c2::VT}} * {{c2::f}}Normally in the range of {{c3::6000}}-{{c3::7500}} mL/min
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Dead space}} is the total volume of the conducting airways that does not participate in {{c1::gas exchange}}
Published	10/26/2023	Normal dead space ratio is about {{c1::0.3}}
Published	10/26/2023	dff10f8643954051b512844aa1b7eaa8-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	dff10f8643954051b512844aa1b7eaa8-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	dff10f8643954051b512844aa1b7eaa8-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	Alveolar Ventilation Equation:{{c3::PACO2}} = {{c1::0.863}} * {{c2::VCO2}}/{{c2::VA}}
Published	10/26/2023	09af7983f1fb426ba081a268764bbbcd-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	09af7983f1fb426ba081a268764bbbcd-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	09af7983f1fb426ba081a268764bbbcd-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	09af7983f1fb426ba081a268764bbbcd-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	09af7983f1fb426ba081a268764bbbcd-oa-5
Published	10/26/2023	The compensatory mechanism by the lungs in metabolic acidosis is {{c1::fast::fast/slow}}
Published	10/26/2023	In an upright lung, the {{c1::lowest}} 1/3 gets the highest ventilation
Published	10/26/2023	Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system:{{c1::}}
Published	10/26/2023	Where to obtain arterial blood gas: {{c1::radial}} artery
Published	10/26/2023	6027d210507c4bebb2c534b833f113fc-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	6027d210507c4bebb2c534b833f113fc-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	9684bd13b7db4892bd1376537d954a70-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	9684bd13b7db4892bd1376537d954a70-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	9684bd13b7db4892bd1376537d954a70-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	9684bd13b7db4892bd1376537d954a70-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	Respiratory acidosis results from inadequate {{c1::alveolar ventilation}}, leading to retention of {{c2::CO2}}
Published	10/26/2023	Main causes of respiratory acidosis are {{c1::upper airway}} obstructions, decreased {{c2::respiratory drive}}, and decreased {{c3::respiratory}} musc…
Published	10/26/2023	Normal A-a gradient = {{c1::2.5}} + {{c2::0.21}}({{c2::age}})
Published	10/26/2023	What causes hypoxemia with a normal A-a gradient: {{c1::high altitude}} and {{c2::hypoventilation}}
Published	10/26/2023	1b8433d16dc147e182bc3a05b9bac989-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	1b8433d16dc147e182bc3a05b9bac989-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	1b8433d16dc147e182bc3a05b9bac989-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	1b8433d16dc147e182bc3a05b9bac989-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	Respiratory alkalosis is caused by {{c1::hyper}}ventilation
Published	10/26/2023	Common causes of hypoxemiaDecreased {{c1::inpsired O2}}{{c2::Hypo}}ventilation{{c3::VQ}} mismatch{{c4::Right}}-to-{{c4::left}} shunt{{c5::Diffusion}} …
Published	10/26/2023	Hemoglobin subunits have {{c1::heme-a porphyrin}} compound coordinated to a single {{c2::Fe2+ }}
Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::Methemoglobin}}: iron moiety is in ferric state {{c2::Fe3+}} instead of Fe2+. It {{c1::does not::does/does not}} bind to O2
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Fetal Hb-HbF}}: declines after birth{{c1::higher}} affinity for O2 than Hba, facilitating O2 movement from {{c3::mother}} to {{c3::fetus}}
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::S-sickle}} Hb:Amino acid change on {{c2::beta}} chain: does not affect O2 {{c3::carrying capacity}} but decreases O2 {{c3::affinity}}Affinity fo…
Published	10/26/2023	997246988093445fbedc05b540d17d9d-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	997246988093445fbedc05b540d17d9d-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	997246988093445fbedc05b540d17d9d-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	997246988093445fbedc05b540d17d9d-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	f8822bdebdb0492e8a1a2dcba970da2f-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	f8822bdebdb0492e8a1a2dcba970da2f-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	f8822bdebdb0492e8a1a2dcba970da2f-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	f8822bdebdb0492e8a1a2dcba970da2f-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	2eb6220c7e164dac9d4c1dc152a8187c-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	CO has a {{c1::higher}} affinity for Hb than O2
Published	10/26/2023	Most of the CO2 in our body is carried as {{c1::HCO3-}}
Published	10/26/2023	CO2 transport depends critically on{{c1::carbonic anhydrase}}{{c2::Cl-/HCO3-}} exchanger
Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::Haldane}} effect:At any PCO2, CO2 content {{c2::increases}} with decreasing PO2 ({{c1::uplifting}} of the curve)
Published	10/26/2023	{{c5::Systolic}} dysfunction heart failure: {{c1::Reduced}} ejection fraction{{c2::Increased}} end-diastolic volume{{c3::Decrease}} in contractility s…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c5::Diastolic}} dysfunction heart failure:{{c1::Preserved}} ejection fraction{{c2::Normal}} end-diastolic volume{{c3::Decreased}} compliance{{c4::In…
Published	10/26/2023	HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) has an LVEF {{c1::<40%}}
Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::HFrEF::Type of heart failure}}:{{c2::Systolic::Systolic/diastolic}} failure/dysfunctionInsufficient ejection fraction caused by {{c4::pump}} fai…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::HFpEF::Type of heart failure}}:{{c2::Diastolic::Systolic/diastolic}} failure/dysfunctionLeft ventricle is {{c1::stiff}} and cannot relax during …
Published	10/26/2023	NYHA Classification:I: {{c1::Ordinary activity}} does not cause fatigueII: {{c2::Ordinary activity}} results in fatigueIII: {{c3::Less than ordinary a…
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-5
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-6
Published	10/26/2023	fb6b3357dff54d26a8c418fc515541dd-oa-7
Published	10/26/2023	Right heart failure is most commonly caused by {{c1::left-sided heart failure}}
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-5
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-6
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-7
Published	10/26/2023	0129a8a557c44d16b29d9b9e039d15f8-oa-8
Published	10/26/2023	ec3d069c5baf457494e5b96fe7cf5604-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	ec3d069c5baf457494e5b96fe7cf5604-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	ec3d069c5baf457494e5b96fe7cf5604-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	ec3d069c5baf457494e5b96fe7cf5604-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	fa8c6c4df532480a99802dd7fefa9d5f-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	fa8c6c4df532480a99802dd7fefa9d5f-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	fa8c6c4df532480a99802dd7fefa9d5f-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	fa8c6c4df532480a99802dd7fefa9d5f-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Implantable cardioverter-defibrilators (ICDs)}} are the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death with those with heart failure. However, they …
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)}} is indicated for those with severe heart failure and a left {{c2::bundle branch block}}. It can {…
Published	10/26/2023	4ead9152e7b04171aed4d12071125c5e-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	4ead9152e7b04171aed4d12071125c5e-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	4ead9152e7b04171aed4d12071125c5e-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	0ce012e48fcb42dbaa010ee3776c6aab-ao-1
Published	10/26/2023	0ce012e48fcb42dbaa010ee3776c6aab-ao-2
Published	10/26/2023	0ce012e48fcb42dbaa010ee3776c6aab-ao-3
Published	10/26/2023	0ce012e48fcb42dbaa010ee3776c6aab-ao-4
Published	10/26/2023	Treatments for stage D heart failure include {{c1::LVAD}} and {{c2::cardiac transplantation}}
Published	10/26/2023	999c4a48a52b4a078951362f7f4e88a2-oa-1
Published	10/26/2023	999c4a48a52b4a078951362f7f4e88a2-oa-2
Published	10/26/2023	999c4a48a52b4a078951362f7f4e88a2-oa-3
Published	10/26/2023	999c4a48a52b4a078951362f7f4e88a2-oa-4
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Trisomy 21}}:Hypotonia, flat faces, small ears, protruding {{c2::tongue}}Most common chromosome abnormality associated with CHD
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Turner syndrome}}:Occurs only in {{c2::females}}Short stature, lymphedema{{c4::Bicuspid aortic valve}} with ascending dilation or coarctationLos…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::22q11.2 Deletion}} Syndrome:>40 genes deletedConotruncal defects: ToF, truncus arteriosus, VSD{{c3::Aortic arch}} malformations{{c2::Hypo}}pa…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Williams Syndrome}}:Large genomic deletions on chromosome that includes {{c2::elastin}} geneAssociated with {{c4::supravalvular aortic}} stenosi…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Alagille}} Syndrome:{{c1::JAG1}} point mutationArterial narrowing, ToF, pulmonary stenosis, transposition of great arteries
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Holt-Oram}} Syndrome:Heterozygous mutation in {{c3::TBX5}}{{c2::Upper limb}} defectsConduction defects: sinus bradycardia, AV node block
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::CHARGE}} Syndrome:{{c3::Coloboma (eye condition)}}ASD, VSD, valve defectsMost often mutation in {{c2::CHD7}}
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Noonan}} Syndrome:Autosomal dominant: 50% inherited, 50% de novoShort stature, {{c2::broad/webbed}} neck, unusual chest shape{{c3::Hypertrophic}…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c2::Multiple Lentigines Syndrome}}:Mutations in {{c3::PTPN11}}LEOPARD syndrome: main thing is {{c1::lentigines}} (benign lesions on skin)
Published	10/26/2023	{{c3::Loeys Dietz}} Syndrome:Cleft lip, {{c1::bifid}} uvulaArterial {{c2::tortuosity}}Muskuloskeletal: arachnodatyly, scoliosis, joint laxity, chest d…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Marfan}} Syndrome:High risk of {{c2::aortic dissection}}Muskuloskeletal: tall stature, joint laxity, chest deformity, arachnodactyly, long extre…
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Vascular EDS}}:Increased risk of arterial dissection or ruptureTissue {{c2::fragility}}: susceptible to skin lacerations and hollow organ ruptur…
Published	10/26/2023	Genetic {{c2::Long-QT}} syndrome is mostly due to mutations in {{c1::potassium}} and {{c1::sodium}} channel genes
Published	10/26/2023	{{c1::Kearns-Sayre}} Syndrome:{{c2::Mitochondrial}} myopathyProgressive external {{c3::opthalmoplegia}}AV block common
Published	10/29/2023	{{c9::Anion gap}} metabolic acidosis:M{{c1::ethanol}}U{{c2::remia}}D{{c3::iabetic ketoacidosis}}P{{c4::ropylene glycol}}I{{c5::ron tablets}}L{{c6::act…
Status	Last Update	Fields