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Notes in 03SkeletalMuscle

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Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::sarcolemma}} Is a thin membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber.
Published 07/30/2024 Two layers of sarcolemma from inner to outer{{c1::1. True cell membrane2. Layer of polysaccharide material and thin collagen fibrils}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::I bands}} contain {{c2::only actin::filaments}}. They are {{c1::isotropic}} to polarized light. 
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::A bands}} contain {{c2::overlapping myosin and actin::filaments}}. They are {{c1::anisotropic}} to polarized light. 
Published 07/30/2024 Small projections from the sides of myosin filaments that interacts with the actin filaments are called {{c1::cross-bridges}}
Published 07/30/2024 The span of the sarcomere is marked by its {{c1::Z disks}}
Published 07/30/2024 Each titin molecule extends from the {{c1::Z disk}} to the {{c1::M line}}.
Published 07/30/2024 The side-by-side relationship between the myosin and actin filaments is maintained by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein called {{c1…
Published 07/30/2024 The spaces between the {{c2::myofibrils}} are filled with intracellular fluid called {{c1::sarcoplasm}}
Published 07/30/2024 The mechanism behind muscle contraction is called {{c1::Sliding filament mechanism}} because...{{c2::The myofilaments slide along each other, pulling …
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Published 07/30/2024 The myosin molecule is composedof {{c1::six}} polypeptide chains:{{c1::2}} heavy chains{{c1::4}} light chains
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Published 07/30/2024 The myosin filament is made up of {{c1::200}} or more individual myosin molecules.
Published 07/30/2024 The backbone of the actin filament is a {{c1::double-stranded F-actin}}
Published 07/30/2024 Each strand of the double F-actin helix is composed of {{c1::G-actin::subunit}} molecules, each one having {{c2::ADP}} attached to it.
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Tropomyosin}} molecules wrap spirally around the sides of the F-actin helix, covering their active sites.
Published 07/30/2024 Attached intermittently along the sides of the tropomyosin molecules are proteins called {{c1::troponin}}.
Published 07/30/2024 3 Subunits of troponin{{c1::troponin I}} - {{c2::affinity for actin}}{{c1::troponin T}} - {{c2::affinity for tropomyosin}}{{c1::troponin C}} - {{c2::a…
Published 07/30/2024 In the presence of large amounts of {{c1::calcium ions}}, the inhibitory effect of the troponin-tropomyosin on the actin filaments is itself inhibited
Published 07/30/2024 The hypothesis for the interaction between the active sites of actin filaments and myosin heads is called{{c1::Walk-along theory of contraction}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::The tilt of the myosin head, pulling the actin inwards}} is called the {{c1::power stroke}}
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::Fenn effect}} states that as more {{c2::work}} is performed by the muscle, more {{c3::ATP is used}} and therefore {{c3::heat liberated}}
Published 07/30/2024 Myosin heads activated{{c1::ATP → ADP + Piremains in the myosin head}}
Published 07/30/2024 ATP during Power stroke{{c1::ADP + Pi in the head is released due to the conformational change}}
Published 07/30/2024 Dettachment of myosin head from actin active site{{c1::a new molecule of ATP binds to the myosin head}}
Published 07/30/2024 As the z disks of a sarcomere go beyond their limit, the tension of the muscle {{c1::approaches zero}}
Published 07/30/2024 the increase in tension that occurs during contraction is called {{c1::active tension}}
Published 07/30/2024 Sources of Energy for Muscle contraction (4){{c1::1. stored ATP2. phosphocreatine3. glycolysis4. oxidative metabolism}}
Published 07/30/2024 How long can contraction be sustained if energy just comes from: (adds up per level)1. stored ATP - {{c1::1 to 2 seconds}}+ 2. phosphocreatine - {{c1:…
Published 07/30/2024 Maximum muscle efficiency can be realized only when the muscle contracts at a {{c1::moderate velocity}}
Published 07/30/2024 Muscle contraction is said to be {{c1::isometric}} when {{c2::the muscle does not shorten during contraction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Muscle contraction is said to be {{c1::isotonic}} when {{c2::it shortens but the tension on the muscle remains constant throughout the contractio…
Published 07/30/2024 What makes a muscle fiber red or white{{c1::the presence or absence of myoglobin respectively}}
Published 07/30/2024 Type I muscle fibers are also known as {{c1::slow}} twitch muscle fibers and are color {{c1::red}}
Published 07/30/2024 Type IIB muscle fibers are also known as {{c1::fast}} twitch muscle fibers and are color {{c1::white}}
Published 07/30/2024 Size:Type I, Red Muscle - {{c1::smaller}}Type II, White Muscle - {{c1::larger}}
Published 07/30/2024 Why do Type I, Red muscle fibers have a more extensive blood vessel system?{{c1::That is so are supplied with extra amounts of oxygen since they are "…
Published 07/30/2024 Why do Type I, Red muscle fibers have increased numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin?{{c1::To support high levels of oxidatve metabolism, since they …
Published 07/30/2024 Why do Type II, White muscle fibers have an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum?{{c1::That is for the rapid release of calcium ions to quickly initiate c…
Published 07/30/2024 Why do Type II, White muscle fibers have an large amounts of glycolytic enzymes{{c1::That is for the rapid release of energy through glycolysis}}
Published 07/30/2024 Why do Type II, White muscle fibers have fewer mitochondria and myoglobin and less extensive blood supply?{{c1::That's oxidative metabolism (hence, su…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::All the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber}} are called a {{c1::motor unit}}
Published 07/30/2024 Why are muscle fibers of a motor unit interdigitated with muscle fibers of other motor units?{{c1::So they contract in support of one another rather t…
Published 07/30/2024 Two modes of summation in muscle contraction{{c1::1. Multiple fiber summation2. Frequency summation}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Multiple fiber summation}} occurs when {{c2::the number of motor units contracting simultaneously}} is increased
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Frequency summation}} occurs when the {{c2::frequency of action potential/contraction}} is increased
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::size principle}} states that motor untis are recruited in order of increasing {{c2::magnitude of force output}} when more force is needed
Published 07/30/2024 Why does the stregth of contraction increase as frequency of innervation increases?{{c1::Frequency summation or wave summation}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Staircase effect or Treppe effect}} occurs when subsequent contractions elicited at the {{c2::resting}} state produces stronger forces per contr…
Published 07/30/2024 Even when muscles are at rest, a certain amount of tautness usually remains. This is called {{c1::muscle tone}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Causes of muscle fatigue: (2)1. Depletion of {{c1::nutrient supply}}2. Diminished {{c1::nerve signals}}
Published 07/30/2024 Maximum strength of muscle contraction (on normal muscle length){{c1::3 or 4 kg/cm2::kg/cm2}}or{{c1::50 lbs/in2::lbs/in2}}
Published 07/30/2024 An analysis of the lever systems of the body depends on knowledge of the following (4):{{c1::1. the point of muscle insertion}}{{c1::2. its (insertion…
Published 07/30/2024 Virtually all body movements are caused by simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles on opposite sides of joints.This process is call…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathway}} is the pathway that accounts for much of protein degradation in a muscle, thus muscle atrophy
Published 07/30/2024 mechanism behind {{c2::Muscle hypertrophy}} {{c1::fiber hypertrophy, the enlargement of invidual muscle fibers due to the increase in number of a…
Published 07/30/2024 Muscle fiber hyperplasia occurs via {{c1::enlargement}} followed by {{c2::linear splitting}}
Published 07/30/2024 In the final stage of denervation atrophy, most of the muscle fibers are destroyed and replaced by {{c1::fibrous}} and {{c1::fatty}} tissue
Published 07/30/2024 The fibrous tissue that replaces the muscle fibers during denervation atrophy also has a tendency to continue shortening for many months, a process ca…
Published 07/30/2024 When remaining nerve fibers branch off to form new axons to innervate the paralyzed muscle fibers, this results to units called {{c1::macromotor units…
Published 07/30/2024 Rigor mortis results from the loss of all ATP because...{{c1::release/deattachment is not possible}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Dystrophinopathies}} are X-linked progressive hereditary degenerative diseases of skeletal muscles caused by an absence or deficiency of {{…
Published 07/30/2024 Each motor nerve ending makes a junction with the muscle fiber near its midpoint. This is called a {{c1::neuromuscular junction}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::motor end plate}} an invagination of the sarcolemma by a somatic nerve terminal
Published 07/30/2024 In motor end plate, the invaginated muscle membrane is called the {{c1::synaptic gutter}} 
Published 07/30/2024 The space between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber membrane is called the {{c1::primary synaptic cleft}}
Published 07/30/2024 Neuromuscular junction{{c3::Motor end plate}} → {{c2::synaptic gutter (primary)}} → {{c1::subneural clefts (secondary)}}
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Published 07/30/2024 (speculative) How does Ca++ cause exocytosis of ACh from the terminal boutons of neuromuscular junctions{{c1::1. Ca++ goes in through V-gated ch.2. Ca…
Published 07/30/2024 Nicotinic receptors have how many subunits? {{c1::5}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::End plate potentials}} are the voltages which cause {{c2::local depolarization}} of skeletal muscle fibers caused by NTs binding to the postsyna…
Published 07/30/2024 Enzyme that break down ACh{{c1::ACh-esterase}}
Published 07/30/2024 Where synapses are overexcited for a prolonged period of time and its ACh are depleted, the neuromuscular junction could experience {{c1::fatigue}}
Published 07/30/2024 The terminal ends of neuromuscular junctions can make their own new {{c2::vesicles}} using the contractile protein {{c1::clathrin}}
Published 07/30/2024 Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. neostigmine, physostigmine and diisopropyl fluorophoshate) causes muscle spams because{{c1:: Additional ACh accumulate…
Published 07/30/2024 curariform drugs causes paralysis of skeletal muscle because...{{c1::they block the action of ACh on the ACh receptors}}
Published 07/30/2024 Skeletal muscle fibersTheshold potential = {{c1::-40 mV}}Resting membrane potential = {{c1::-85 mV}}
Published 07/30/2024 The duration of action potentials in skeletal muscles are about {{c1::5}} times as long as in large myelinated nerves
Published 07/30/2024 The velocity of AP conduction is muscle fibers is about {{c1::3–5}} m/sec. That is {{c2::slower::slower/faster}} than that of large myelinated nerve f…
Published 07/30/2024 Significance of {{c2::Transverse tubules (T Tubules)}}{{c1::to allow propagation of the action potential all the way through the muscle fiber, not jus…
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Excitation–contraction coupling (ECC)}} describes the rapid communication between:1. electrical events occurring in the plasma membran…
Published 07/30/2024 The T tubules are small and run transverse to the {{c1::myofibrils}}.
Published 07/30/2024 Where the T tubules originate from the cell membrane, they are open to the exterior of the muscle fiber.Therefore...{{c1::They communicate with the EC…
Published 07/30/2024 2 major parts of a sarcoplasmic reticulum{{c1::1. Terminal cisternae2. Longitudal tubules (sarcotubules)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Calcium release from the Sarcoplasmic ReticulumAction potential along the {{c1::T-tubules}}↓Voltage change sensed by {{c2::DHPR}} → conformational cha…
Published 07/30/2024 The sarcoplasmic retrieve its Ca++ via {{c1::sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++-ATPase (SERCA)}}
Published 07/30/2024 Inside the {{c3::sarcoplasmic reticulum}} are {{c1::calcium}}-binding proteins called {{c2::clasequestrin}} and {{c2::calreticulin}}
Published 07/30/2024 What is {{c2::Calcium pulse}}?{{c1::The transient increase in Ca++ levels in the myofibrilar fluid before it gets reabsorbed. }}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Rhabdomyolysis}} is the breakdown of {{c2::skeletal muscle}}. This leads to higher levels of {{c3::myoglobin}} in the blood
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Malignant hyperthermia (MH)}} is condition characterized by uncontrollable contraction of skeletal muscle that leads to a life-threatening …
Published 07/30/2024 High body temperature from Malignant hyperthermia is caused by...{{c1::Since there are mutations in the RyR and/or DHP receptor, Ca++ is continually r…
Published 07/30/2024 How are neurons and skeletal muscle fibers similar? (3):{{c1::1. Polarized at rest2. Excitable3. Has waves of depolarization}}
Published 07/30/2024 How are skeletal muscle fibers different from neurons?{{c1::1. Action potential lasts longer2. Slower velocity of conduction3. Shortens after depolari…
Published 07/30/2024 Functions of the skeletal muscles (6){{c1::1. Produce body movement2. Maintain posture and body position3. Support tissues4. Guard body entrances and …
Published 07/30/2024 Hierarchy of skeletal muscle structures from larger to smaller{{c1::Muscle bundleFasicleMuscle FiberMyofibrilMyofilament}}
Published 07/30/2024 ACh receptors in skeletal muscles are called {{c1::N1 or Nm}}
Published 07/30/2024 What is the triad in a skeletal muscle fiber{{c1::Sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisternae)T TubuleSarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisternae)}}
Published 07/30/2024 For 1 troponin, there are{{c1::1::n}} tropomyosin
Published 07/30/2024 During contraction, describe the followingH zone - {{c1::shorter}}A band - {{c1::same}}I band - {{c1::shorter}}
Published 07/30/2024 During contraction, tropomyosin slides into the {{c1::grooves}} of the actin filaments
Published 07/30/2024 Training does not change the phenotype of our muscle fiber types, but it does...{{c1::promote hypertrophy and increase blood supply::2}}
Published 07/30/2024 The shortening velocity of a muscle is {{c2::maximal}} when the load is {{c1::zero}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Equilibrium length}} denotes the unstretched length of the muscle when the {{c2::tension}} is zero
Published 07/30/2024 The sarcomere length in a resting muscle is about {{c2::2.2 μm::length}}. This is called the {{c1::optimal length}}
Published 07/30/2024 Why is 2.2 μm sarcomere considered as the optimal length{{c1::because it is the optimal length for the development of force}}
Published 07/30/2024 2 states of myosin{{c1::Low energy state - M*ATPHigh energy state - M*ADP+Pi}}
Published 07/30/2024 How many ATP is used per cross bridge cycle?{{c1::1 ATP}}
Published 07/30/2024 States of myosin during the cross bridge cycle (striated muscle){{c1::1. Attached state2. Released state3. Cocked state4. Cross-bridge state5. Power-s…
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Published 07/30/2024 A subthreshold stimulus will elicit what muscle response {{c1::none}}
Published 07/30/2024 A threshold stimulus will elicit what muscle response{{c1::threshold}}
Published 07/30/2024 A submaximal stimulus will elicit what muscle response{{c1::submaximal}}
Published 07/30/2024 A maximal stimulus will elicit what muscle response{{c1::maximal}}
Published 07/30/2024 A supramaximal stimulus will elicit what muscle response{{c1::maximal}}
Published 07/30/2024 A {{c2::sub}}-tetanizing stimulus frequency elicits {{c1::a single muscle twitch}}
Published 07/30/2024 Action potential elicited before the muscle {{c2::completely relaxes}} elicits {{c1::incomplete tetanization}}
Published 07/30/2024 Action potential elicited before the muscle {{c2::starts to relax}} elicits {{c1::complete tetanization}}
Published 07/30/2024 Passive tension is {{c1::directly}} proportional to muscle length
Published 07/30/2024 {{c3::Before reaching}} {{c2::optimal length}}, active tension is {{c1::directly}} proportional to muscle length
Published 07/30/2024 {{c3::Starting from}} the {{c1::optimal}} length, active tension is {{c2::inversely}} proportional to muscle length
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Published 07/30/2024 Muscles whose fibers are arranged in {{c2::parallel}} have greater {{c1::shortening velocity}}
Published 07/30/2024 Muscles whose fibers are arranged in {{c2::series}} have greater {{c1::contraction force capacity}}
Published 07/30/2024 The strength of muscle contraction is {{c2::maximal}} when the weight of the load is {{c1::30% the maximum load one can carry}}
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Published 07/30/2024 Types of motor units{{c1::Type 1 - smallType 2 - large}}
Published 07/30/2024 Small motor units innvervate type {{c1::1}} muscle fibers
Published 07/30/2024 Type 2 motor units innvervate type {{c1::2B}} muscle fibers
Published 07/30/2024 Type {{c1::I}} muscle fibers are {{c2::more}} excitable than Type {{c1::II}} muscle fibers
Published 07/30/2024 Conduction velocity is {{c1::greater}} in {{c2::large}} motor units than in {{c2::small}} motor units
Published 07/30/2024 There is a {{c1::greater}} amount of {{c2::large}} motor units in the human body than {{c2::small}} motor units
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Published 07/30/2024 Muscle's {{c1::active}} tension is generated by {{c2::cross bridges}}
Published 07/30/2024 Muscle fibers could either be arranged in:{{c1::ParallelSeries}}
Published 07/30/2024 Functions of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction (3){{c1::1. Myosin ATPase2. SERCA3. Na+-K+ ATPase}}
Published 07/30/2024 It is the {{c3::ratio}} of A to B:{{c1::A. mechanical work output::A}}{{c1::B. total metabolic cost::B}}{{c2::Muscle efficiency}}
Published 07/30/2024 Phases of muscle twitch (3):{{c1::1. Latent period2. Contraction phase3. Relaxation phase}}
Published 07/30/2024 What myofilament is responsible for a muscle fiber's passive tension{{c1::Titin}}
Published 07/30/2024 It is the summation of muscle twitches without reaching complete rest{{c1::wave summation}}
Published 07/30/2024 It is the increase of the force of a subsequent muscle twitches after reaching complete rest{{c1::treppe}}
Published 07/30/2024 QCMuscle tension of a single motor unit during1. strong muscle contraction2. weak muscle contraction{{c1::1 = 2}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::maximal voltage}} is the voltage required to sucessfully recruit {{c2::all muscle fibers}} into developing active force is
Published 07/30/2024 The minimum voltage required to sucessfully recruit a muscle fiber into developing active force is{{c1::threshold voltage}}
Published 07/30/2024 The duration of latent period is {{c1::directly}} proportional to to weight of the load (isotonic contraction)
Published 07/30/2024 A muscle's shortening velocity is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the weight of the load (Isotonic contraction)
Published 07/30/2024 The muscle's shortening velocity is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the weight of the load (isotonic contraction)
Published 07/30/2024 The duration of action contraction period is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to the weight of the load (isotonic contraction)
Published 07/30/2024 What accounts for the delay between muscle stimulation and load movement during isotonic contraction?{{c1::time taken to overcome weight of load = in …
Published 07/30/2024 If the weight of the load is {{c1::greater (or equal to)}} than the force of contraction, {{c2::isoMetric}} contraction is pr…
Published 07/30/2024 If the weight of the load is {{c1::less}} than the force of contraction, {{c2::isoTonic}} contraction is produced
Published 07/30/2024 The maximum force of contraction elicited by multiple stimulations is called the {{c1::maximal tetanic tension}}
Published 07/30/2024 Duration of Muscle Twitch{{c1::20–200 msec::time}}
Published 07/30/2024 For 1 troponin, there are{{c1::7::n}} actin monomers
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::Low energy myosin (M*ATP)::myosin energy state}} is positioned at what angle{{c1::45°::°}}
Published 07/30/2024 {{c2::High energy myosin (M*ADP + Pi)::myosin state}} is positioned at what angle{{c1::90°::°}}
Published 07/30/2024 During power stroke, the myosin tilts towards the {{c1::myosin arm}}
Published 07/30/2024 Type {{c1::I}} muscle fibers are innervated by {{c2::small}} motor units
Published 07/30/2024 Type {{c1::II}} muscle fibers are innervated by {{c2::large}} motor units
Published 07/30/2024 Type {{c1::II}} muscle fibers have a more extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Small}} motor units are {{c2::more easily}} recruited than {{c1::large}} motor units
Published 07/30/2024 Motor units serving Type II muscle fibers are {{c2::larger}} in diameter (as compared to that of Type I muscle fibers)
Published 07/30/2024 Active tension is {{c1::biphasically (+,-)}} proportional to muscle length
Published 07/30/2024 Muscle twitch tetanization is due to the {{c1::decreased}} duration of {{c2::resequestration}} of {{c3::Ca++}} ions
Published 07/30/2024 The {{c1::latent period}} of muscle contraction is the phase where there is {{c2::action potential}} but not yet any {{c2::contraction}}
Published 07/30/2024 Strength of muscle contraction is {{c1::biphasically (+,-)}} proportional to the weight of the load 
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Skeletal}} muscle contraction: {{c2::electro}}{{c3::mechanical}}(DHP→RYR)
Published 07/30/2024 Ryanodine receptor channels in {{c1::skeletal}} muscles are {{c2::mechanically}}-gated
Published 07/30/2024 {{c1::Removal of Acetylcholine::trigger}} terminates contraction of {{c2::skeletal::skeletal vs. cardiac vs. smooth}} muscles
Published 07/30/2024 1. Strap2. Triangular3. Unipennate4. Bipennate5. Multipennate6. Radial
Published 07/30/2024 1. Radial2. Multipennate3. Bipennate4. Unipennate5. Triangular6. Strap
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