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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Immune}} system is the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials. {{c2::Immunity}} is protection from…
Published	02/10/2024	There are three layers behind the immune system:1. {{c1::External}} Barriers2. {{c1::Innate}} Immunity3. {{c1::Adaptive}} Immunity
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::External barriers}} are the surface epithelial layers of the body, through which the pathogen must cross and penetrate to cause an infection.It …
Published	02/10/2024	The Immune system is made up of two types of responses:1. {{c1::Innate}} Immune Response (Non-specific)• Doesn't distinguish between different types o…
Published	02/10/2024	Innate Immunity is divided into Cellular and Humoral.Cellular Innate Immunity is made up of cells:• {{c1::Phago}}cytes subdivided into (Neutrophils, M…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Phagocytes}} are the cells of the innate immune system that track down, engulf and destroy bacteria, other pathogens as well as damaged or dead …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the most abundant white blood cells at 8x106/ml (50-60%), they track down, engulf and destroy pathogens.They contain granules …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Monocytes}} form 5% of white blood cells and they swim around in the bloodstream, they are the largest white blood cell, larger than neutro…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Macrophages}} are differentiated monocytes present in body tissue that break down pathogens and process their antigens then present it to the ce…
Published	02/10/2024	Stages of phagocytosis
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the stages of phagocytosis.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils}} are white blood cells that help combat parasitic infections, they are involved in allergy and asthma, and have granules that conta…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Mast cells}} are a type of white blood cells that combat parasitic infections, they contain IgE receptors on their surfaces which are specific t…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Basophils}} are the least abundant white blood cells, less than 1%, they contain large cytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators.Their fu…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Cytokines}} are small proteins secreted by both immune and nonimmune cells in response to stimulus.They communicate to other cells by binding to…
Published	02/10/2024	The production stage of the development of T and B lymphocytes takes place in the {{c1::bone marrow}}, but they are immature in that stage, they …
Published	02/10/2024	In the maturation stage of development, lymphocytes acquire structures that allow them to recognize and interact with pathogens by antigens, this usua…
Published	02/10/2024	The activation stage of the development of lymphocytes occurs when they react with pathogens to induce an immune response that is specific to a certai…
Published	02/10/2024	The Lymphatic System is composed of: The lymphatic {{c1::vessels}}{{c1::Primary}} lymphatic organs (Bone Marrow & Thymus){{c1::Secondary}} ly…
Published	02/10/2024	The functions of the lymphatic system are:1. {{c1::Drainage}} of tissue - collects excess fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.2. {{c1::Absorp…
Published	02/10/2024	The sites where blood cells, are produced and go through their maturation stage, when they acquire the ability to interact with antigens, is the {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells in a process called {{c1::Haematopoiesis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Maturation of {{c1::B lymphocyte}} cells occurs in the {{c2::Bone marrow}}Maturation of {{c1::T lymphocyte}} cells occurs in the {{c2::Thymus}} which …
Published	02/10/2024	The sites where T and B lymphocyte activation happens by antigens and where the development of adaptive immune system response to antigens occurs are …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Lymph nodes}} are encapsulated, secondary lymphatic organs, numbered at about 500 all throughout the body.They have access to antigens encounter…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::spleen}} is a secondary lympohid organ, weighs 150g, located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, made up of two parts:[1] The {{c2::r…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Naive}} B and T cells are mature lymphatic cells that have the structures (TCR/BCR) to interact with antigens but they have not been exposed to …
Published	02/10/2024	Basic Overview of the lymphatic system immune responsePrimary Lymphoid Organs (Bone marrow & Thymus)Immature B and T cells are produced in th…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::T cells}} are responsible for cell mediated immunity of the adaptive immunity system and assisting B cells, there are about 1012 of them in…
Published	02/10/2024	There are two types of T cells:{{c1::Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)}}They contain CD8+ receptors They have T Cell Receptor (TCR) on the surface th…
Published	02/10/2024	Cytotoxic T cells vs Helper T cells. Whats the difference?
Published	02/10/2024	Cytotoxic T cells kill foreign bodies and infected cells through the secretion of two products:1. {{c1::Perforins}}, which are used to form holes thro…
Published	02/10/2024	There are four types of effector CD4 T cells that target certain cells:{{c1::Th1}} → {{c2::Macrophages}}{{c1::Th2}} → {{c2::Eosinophils}}{{c1::Th17}} …
Published	02/10/2024	What are the purposes of MHC Class I and MHC Class II proteins?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::MHC Class I}} proteins are found on virtually all nucleated cellsThey present 'endogenously produced' antigens/peptides, i.e. pre…
Published	02/10/2024	The main purpose of both MHC Class I and MHC Class II proteins is {{c1::immune tolerance}}, to ensure that the immune response is only used against pa…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::B cells}} are cells involved in Humoral Immunity, which mainly produce antibodies that are directed against specific antigens.They are produced …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Antigens}} are substances that cause an immune response by identifying substances in or marker on cells.e.g. they can be cell membranes, or surf…
Published	02/10/2024	An {{c1::epitope}} is the part of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or an antibody attaches.If B cells recognize two {{c1::epitopes}} through th…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Antibodies}} are proteins that are produced as an immune response against antigens by B cells.Different antigens lead to the production of diffe…
Published	02/10/2024	5 Different classes of Immunoglobulins (Ig) / Antibodies (GAMED)1. {{c1::IgG}} - Produced later in the infection → (can cross placenta)2. {{c1::IgA}} …
Published	02/10/2024	What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the functions of antibodies?[1] {{c1::Neutralization}} - prevention of attachment and entry by surrounding pathogens/antigensIgA antibody doe…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the functions of antibodies?
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::Complement System}} consists of more than 30 proteins/factors that are found in the plasma in an inactive form.They are activated in a casca…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the functions of the complement system?[1] {{c1::Direct-lysis}} of target cells through the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)[2] Makes produ…
Published	02/10/2024	Why does complement activation lead to redness (inflammation) in the infected area?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Adaptive Immunity}} (Highly Specific & has immunological memory) develops through two mechanisms: {{c2::Active Immunity}} - immuni…
Published	02/10/2024	Active immunity vs Passive ImmunityWhat's the difference?
Published	02/10/2024	Susceptible/Naive vs Immune/ProtectedWhat's the difference?
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