Notes in 01 PET-CT

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Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTA positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer emits a {{c1::positron}} that travels a small distance with…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET PhysicsThe two high-energy photons travelling in {{c1::opposite}} directions are simultaneously detected by a…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Fluorine-18 (F-18)}} is a {{c3::cyclotron}}-produced positron emitter, half-life {{c2::110 minutes}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c3::F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG)}} is a {{c1::glucose}} analog that competes with {{c1::glucose}} fo…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe {{c1::Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)::value}} roughly quantifies {{c2::FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)}} uptak…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTStandardized Uptake Value (SUV) is proportional to ({{c1::ROI (region of interest) activity}} * {{c2::body w…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTFactors affecting Standardized Uptake Value (SUV):1) specific {{c1::equipment}} used2) time elapsed after {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTA Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) value above {{c1::2.5}} traditionally has been suggestive, although n…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTSize threshold for lesion detection on FDG PET is {{c1::6 mm}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAn alternative approach to calculating SUV values is visual or quantitative assessment of FDG uptake re…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTWhile most modern PET studies are combined with {{c2::CT}}, one exception is in the {{c1::pediatric}} population,…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn PET/CT combo, the CT exam is often performed with a {{c1::lower}} dose than a diagnostic-quality CT.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe CT in PET/CT is used for {{c1::anatomic localization}} and {{c2::attenuation correction}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT imagingDense retained oral contrast or dense metallic objects (i.e. joint prostheses) may cause …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe uptake of FDG in both normal and pathological tissues is dependent on the serum {{c1::glucose}} and {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Elevated::elevated/depressed}} insulin levels will cause {{c3::increased::increased/decreased}} muscle…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPatients should be NPO for at least {{c1::4 hours::time}} prior to undergoing PET to allow {{c2::insulin}} to rea…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn {{c1::type 1::type 1 or 2}} diabetes, PET scan should be performed in the {{c3::morning}} after a{{c3::n …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn {{c1::type 2}} diabetes, regular insulin should be held {{c2::2–4}} hours prior to PET scan.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPatient preparation for FDG PET:Blood glucose should be below {{c1::200}} mg/dL, and preferably below {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe typical administered dose of F-18 FDG is {{c1::10–25}} mCi.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe {{c1::brain::organ}} has intense FDG uptake.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTDespite intense uptake in the brain, with appropriate windowing, excellent detail of the {{c1::cortex}}, {{c2::ba…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTFDG is concentrated in the urine, with very intense activity in the {{c1::renal collecting system}}, {{c1::ureter…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTSalivary glands, tonsils, thyroid: demonstrate {{c1::mild to moderate:: how intense?}} {{c2::symmetric::key physi…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTLiver: {{c1::Moderate::intensity}}, largely {{c1::homogeneous::pattern}} uptake of FDG.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTBowel: {{c1::Diffuse::Focal or diffuse}} {{c2::mild to moderate:: intensity}} uptake is normal. {{c1::Focal::Foca…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Metformin::drug}} can increase colonic, and to a lesser extent, small bowel FDG uptake and may mask a lesio…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTHeart: FDG uptake is often variable, depending on {{c1::insulin/glucose}} levels and the patient’s {{c2::fasting …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTMuscles: FDG uptake is normally {{c1::low::intensity}}. However, elevated {{c2::insulin}} levels or recent {…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c5::Brown fat}} is metabolically active adipose tissue that can be found in the following regions in adults:1) …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Fused axial PET/CT (L) and PET MIP (R) for initial lung cancer stagingBlue arrow: Intensely FDG-avid {…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT plays a role both in {{c1::initial}} staging of patients with lung cancer, and in evaluating {{c2::respons…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTFor initial staging of lung cancer, PET/CT is most useful in evaluating local tumor {{c1::extension}} and se…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT also plays a role in the initial detection of {{c1::mediastinal}} and {{c1::hilar}} lymph nodes.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTGiven the lack of PET {{c1::specificity::sensitivity/specificity}}, PET-positive mediastinal nodes must be follow…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTEvaluation of a suspicious solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is an indication for {{c1::PET/CT}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::5–8}}mm is typically the smallest size for a nodule that can be reliably evaluated by PET.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe majority of {{c1::malignant}} Solitary Pulmonary Nodules (SPNs) are FDG-{{c2::avid}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe majority of {{c1::benign}} Solitary Pulmonary Nodules are not FDG-avid.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIs it possible to definitively diagnose a nodule as benign or malignant based on SUV value alone? {{c1::No::…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn general, if a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN) is not FDG-avid, {{c1::short}}-term follow-up is reaso…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Patient with metastatic rectosigmoid cancer. Fused axial PET/CT through the lungs (top L), through the…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT has a limited role in determining {{c2::local extent}} of colon cancer due to poor {{c1::spatial resolutio…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter initial treatment of colon cancer, follow-up PET/CT is usually delayed approximately {{c1::two months::time…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT is often used in the initial staging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially for evaluation o…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Specificity::sensitivity/specificity}} for evaluating recurrent head and neck cancers after chemoradiation&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Patient with iodine-resistant thyroid cancer. Fused-axial PET/CT (top L), non-contrast CT (bottom L) a…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTMost histological types of lymphoma, including {{c1::Hodgkin}} and {{c1::non-Hodgkin}} lymphoma, {{c3::are FDG-av…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTDiffuse marrow uptake in lymphoma patients may be due to {{c1::granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)}} st…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT {{c2::is not::is/is not}} routinely used for patients with stage {{c1::I–III}} breast cancer.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe primary role of PET/CT in the evaluation of esophageal cancer is to identify patients with stage {{c1::IV}} d…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter initial neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal cancer, a decrease in FDG avidity by at least {{c1::30}}% sugge…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTOnly {{c1::50}}% of Hepatocellular carcinomas can be imaged with FDG-PET due to relatively high levels of {{c2::p…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTOnly {{c1::50}}% of Renal Cell Carcinomas are FDG-avid, though PET may play a role in detecting {{c2::metastatic …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTDetection of ureteral or bladder lesions by PET/CT is extremely limited due to surrounding high {{c1::urinary FDG…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTMost prostate cancers have {{c1::low}} FDG uptake, thus FDG-PET is reserved for assessing treatment response…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTWell-differentiated or mucinous cell type tumors, lung adenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumors tend to hav…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Coronal PET MIPFindings: Physiologic distribution of {{c1::Ga-68 DOTATATE}}, a somatostatin …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Gallium-68}} is a {{c3::generator}}-produced positron emitter with a half-life of {{c2::68 minutes}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c7::Ga-68 DOTATATE}} is a {{c1::somatostatin}} analog that is used inthe imaging of tumors with high {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c4::DOTATATE PET/CT}} is the new first-line diagnostic imaging modality for {{c1::neuroendocrine}} tumors,…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTDOTATATE and FDG PET/CT are complementary exams, helping to identify both {{c1::well}}-differentiated (high {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Coronal PET MIPFindings: Physiologic distribution of {{c1::F-18 fluciclovine}}, an {{c3::amino ac…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Carbon-11}}/{{c1::F-18 choline}} are biomarkers of {{c3::cell membrane}} metabolism and are …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::PSMA ligands}} such as {{c2::ProstaScint}} and {{c2::Ga-68 PSMA}} target the {{c3::prostate membrane specif…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTF-18 fluciclovine ({{c4::Axumin}}) is an {{c1::amino acid}} analog which targets {{c2::amino acid}} transpor…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::F-18 sodium fluoride (F-18 NaF)}} is an analog of the {{c2::hydroxyl}} group in {{c3::hydroxyapatite bone c…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Mediastinoscopy}} is the gold standard for lymph node staging in lung cancer.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter becoming phosphorylated by {{c2::hexokinase}}, F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG)-phosphate …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTMalignancy can {{c1::never::how effectively?}} be diagnosed or excluded using SUV as the sole criterion.&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTFor {{c3::small::size}} lesions on FDG PET, the average Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) may b…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn type 2 diabetes, {{c1::Short}}-acting insulin can be used but {{c2::is not::is/is not}} recomme…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPatient preparation for FDG PET:In type 2 diabetes, there is no need to hold {{c1::long}}-acting insuli…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTElevated serum glucose will result in {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} FDG uptake by {{c2::tumors}} and the…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter intravenous F-18 FDG injection, the patient should rest in a quiet room for {{c1::60 minutes::duration}} be…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter intravenous F-18 FDG injection, if the patient {{c2::talks}} during the 60 minutes before imaging, the…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAfter intravenous F-18 FDG injection, if the patient {{c2::walks}} during the 60 minutes before imaging…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTSince FDG is concentrated in the urine, the {{c1::bladder}} is the critical organ (the body part most susceptible…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTThe heart prefers {{c1::fatty acids::macromolecule}} but will use {{c2::glucose}} in the {{c3::postprandial}} sta…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTBrown fat can be {{c1::mildly to moderately::intensity}} FDG avid, especially if the pat…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTApproximately {{c2::10}}% of patients with a negative metastatic workup by {{c3:: CT::CT vs P…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAlthough PET is very {{c1::sensitive::sensitive/specific}} for detecting malignant lymph node…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTLow-grade tumors such as {{c1::lung adenocarcinoma}} or {{c1::carcinoid}} may not be metabolically active an…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTActive granulomatous disease (including {{c1::tuberculosis}}) may take up FDG, thus {{c2::falsely positive}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn general, if a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN) is FDG-avid then {{c1::biopsy or resect…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTBlue arrows: intensely FDG-avid primary {{c1::rectosigmoid}} malignancy, with numerous {…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT has a limited role in determining local extent of colon cancer due to p…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTSince an isolated hepatic metastasis can be resected or ablated, evaluation for {{c1::extrahepatic meta…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Undifferentiated}} or {{c2::medullary}} thyroid cancers may not take up {{c3::radioiodine::radiot…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTIn the setting of thyroid malignancy, PET/CT is used in the clinical setting of a rising {{c1::thyroglobulin}} le…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTAlthough PET/CT is used in staging and evaluating response to therapy of recurrent or stage {{c1::IV}}&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTCase: Fused axial PET/CT (top left), sagittal PET MIP (right), Non-contrast CT (bottom l…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTPET/CT is limited for primary tumor staging of esophageal cancer, which is better assessed wi…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTWell-differentiated or {{c1::mucinous}} cell type tumors, {{c2::lung}} adenocarcinoma, a…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTProstate Membrane Specific Antigen (PSMA) PET/CT is highly sensitive for biochemically recurrent prosta…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CTF-18 sodium fluoride (F-18 NaF) is highly sensitive for the detection of {{c1::prostate cancer bone metastas…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: PET/CT{{c1::Focal::focal or diffuse?}} increased marrow uptake in a lymphoma patient, is more likely to represent {{c2:…
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