Notes in PALS

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/07/2024	Within the triangle formed by the suboccipital muscles lies the {{c1::veterbral artery}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Dorsal::Dorsal/Ventral?}} Rami only innervates the true muscles of the back.
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-5
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-6
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-7
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-8
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-9
Published	11/07/2024	0b3dfaa40e904a9fa20b73420047fca9-ao-10
Published	11/07/2024	Superficial (extrinsic) back muscles include the1. {{c1::Trapezius}}2. {{c4::Latissimus dorsi}}3. {{c3::Levator scapulae}}4. {{c2::Rhomboids}}
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::thoracodorsal}} nerve innervates the {{c1::latissimus dorsi}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::neural tube}} forms the {{c2::central nervous system}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::notocord}} forms the {{c2::nucleus pulposus}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::intermediate mesoderm}} forms the {{c1::kidneys and gonads}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::paraxial mesoderm}} forms the {{c2::head and somites}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::lateral mesoderm}} gives rise to {{c1::splanchic and somatic}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Each somite divides into a {{c1::sclerotome}}, {{c1::myotome}}, and {{c1::dermatome}}
Published	11/07/2024	Embryologically, the base of the skull forms from {{c1::neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm}}.
Published	11/07/2024	There are {{c1::42-44}} paired blocks of mesoderm flanking the midline in development.
Published	11/07/2024	Each somite is innervated by {{c1::one}} spinal nerve.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Agenesis}} is the {{c2::partial or complete failure of a muscle to form}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::annulus fibrosis::spinal structure}} forms from sclerotome cells.
Published	11/07/2024	In the sclerotome, cells that migrate {{c1::laterally}} form the {{c2::ribs}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Limbs begin forming during week {{c1::4}} of development.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::apical ectodermal ridge}} cells produce {{c2::fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::viscerocranium}} are the skull bones of the {{c2::face}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::neurocranium}} are the skull bones that {{c2::surround the brain}}.
Published	11/07/2024	In the neurocranium, the {{c1::calvarium}} consists of the flat bones.
Published	11/07/2024	The bones of the skull {{c1::base}} form from {{c2::both neural crest and paraxial mesoderm}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelial tissue is organized into {{c1::layers or glands}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::basement membrane}} is composed of the {{c1::basal lamina and reticular lamina}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The basal lamina has two zones: the {{c1::lamina lucida and the lamina densa}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Laminins are found in the lamina {{c1::lucida::lucida or densa?}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Laminins}} are glycoproteins which bind to {{c2::hemidesmosomes}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Type IV collagen can be found in the basement membrane in the {{c1::lamina densa}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelial cell shapes include {{c1::squamous, cubiodal, and columnar}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Dynein}} proteins are molecular motor proteins that drive the beat of cilia.
Published	11/07/2024	A 9+2 arrangement of microbules is called an {{c1::axoneme}}.
Published	11/07/2024	What hormones do exocrine glands secrete? {{c1::NONE.}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Belt}} desmosomes wrap around cells like a belt and connect epithelial cells together.
Published	11/07/2024	Spot desmosomes ({{c1::macula adherens::latin name}}) are {{c1::strong::fragile/strong}} and found in areas like the {{c1::bladder::organ}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Desmosomes}} connect {{c2::cells to cells}}. {{c1::Hemidesmosomes}} connect cells to {{c2::basement membrane}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Acinar (alveolar)}} glands have secretory units organized as {{c2::sacs}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Serous}} glands serete {{c2::proteins}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Mucous}} glands secrete {{c2::slippery glycoprotein mucus}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Transitional}} epithelia contains multiple layers of cells and is good at stretching.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Langerhans cells}} are dendritic immune cells found primarily in the {{c1::stratum spinosum::epithelial layer}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The two layers of the dermis include {{c1::papillary and reticular}}.
Published	11/07/2024	In the epidermis and dermis, {{c2::Merkel discs}} and {{c2::Ruffini endings}} are {{c1::slow}} adapting.
Published	11/07/2024	In the dermis and hypodermis, {{c2::Meissner corpuscles}} and {{c2::Pacinian corpuscles}} are {{c1::fast}} adapting.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Meissner corpuscles}} sense {{c2::light touch and low-frequency vibration}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Mnemonic for epidermis AND dermis: {{c1::Come Let's Get Sun Burned -- Pretty Red}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Merkel discs}} slowly detect {{c2::light touch and pressure}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The skin's {{c1::adnexa}} are specialized skin-associated structures.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Eccrine}} sweat glands produce {{c2::a watery sweat}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Apocrine}} sweat glands produce {{c2::an oily sweat that contains pheremones}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The epidermis contains (4) cell types:{{c1::- keratinocytes (skin barrier)- melanocytes (skin pigment)- Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)- Merkel ce…
Published	11/07/2024	Where are Birbek granules found? {{c1::Langerhans cells}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Keratohyalin granules}} and {{c2::lammellar bodies}} are present in cells of the {{c1::stratum granulosum}}.
Published	11/07/2024	What cells type do melanocytes differentiate from? {{c1::Neural crest cells}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The secondary structure of collagen is a {{c1::triple helix}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Tropocollagen}} is a {{c2::triple helix of three collagen alpha-chains}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome}} causes {{c1::hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joins, and a tendency to bleed easily}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Scurvy occurs due to {{c1::Vitamin C deficiency}}.
Published	08/15/2024	Scurvy presents with {{c1::easy bruising and poor wound healing}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Deficiency of vitamin C hampers {{c1::hydroxylation of collagen}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Osteolathyrism}} is a diet-induced {{c1::collagen cross-link deficiency}}.
Published	11/07/2024	What type of collagen is deficient in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? {{c1::Type 3 (III) collagen}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::cervical}} vertebrae can be distinguished by their {{c2::bifid spinous process and transverse foramina}}.
Published	11/07/2024	What are the six (6) types of synovial joints?{{c1::1. Ball and socket (shoulder)2. Saddle (sternoclavicular, thumb carpometacarpal of the thumb)3. El…
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::shoulder girdle}} consists of the {{c1::clavicle and scapula}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The clavicle connects medially to the sternum at the {{c1::sternoclavicular (SC)}} joint and laterally with the acromion of the scapula at the {{c2::a…
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::glenohumeral}} joint connects the {{c2::humerus and scapula}}.
Published	11/07/2024	4cc951ab08ef4f85b1ced8c15ba8589c-oa-1
Published	11/07/2024	4cc951ab08ef4f85b1ced8c15ba8589c-oa-2
Published	11/07/2024	4cc951ab08ef4f85b1ced8c15ba8589c-oa-3
Published	11/07/2024	a68c8b0fab8043ae8f8c0a0f6e3abbcb-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	a68c8b0fab8043ae8f8c0a0f6e3abbcb-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	a68c8b0fab8043ae8f8c0a0f6e3abbcb-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	a68c8b0fab8043ae8f8c0a0f6e3abbcb-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-5
Published	11/07/2024	b6b860673a8a485da6300b2e55943d16-ao-6
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelial cells function in (5){{c1::1. Transcellular transport2. Absorption3. Secretion4. Selective permeability5. Protection}}
Published	11/07/2024	The three types of junctions in epithelial cells are{{c1::1. Tight junctions (zona occludens)2. Zona adherens ("belt desmosomes")3. Desmosome ("spot d…
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelial cells have microvilli, which are {{c1::1 micrometer projections that increase cell surface for absorption}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelia cells contain {{c2::stereocilia}}, which are {{c1::long irregular microvilli}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Epithelia cells contain {{c1::cilia}}, which are actively motile processes 5-10 micrometers long.
Published	11/07/2024	Cilia are found in {{c1::trachea/bronchi, fallopian tubes, and early embryo}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris ("Pemphigus")}} is an autoimmune disease caused by disruption of {{c2::desmosomes}} in skin and oral mucosa.
Published	11/07/2024	A positive {{c1::Nikolsky sign}} occurs when the epidermis separates as the skin is stroked.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Bullous pemphigoid "Pemphigoid"}} is an autoimmune disease where there is a disruption of {{c2::hemidesmosomes}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Langerhans cells are located primarily in the {{c1::stratum spinosum}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Of the first five collagen, {{c1::Type I and Type III::Types?}} are most prevalent in the dermis.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c1::V}} collagen is important in the {{c2::dermal-epidermal junction}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Vascular Ehlers-Danlos}} occurs due to a deficiency of Type {{c2::III}} collagen.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Classical::Classical/Vascular?}} Ehler's Danlos occurs due to a decrease in Type {{c1::V}} collagen.
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-5
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-6
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-7
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-8
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-9
Published	11/07/2024	8b23f2ab8a7a427395c9f2d3cf28e5ee-ao-10
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Axillary}} nerve injuries are common at the {{c2::surgical neck}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Radial}} nerve injuries are common in {{c2::midshaft humeral}} fractures.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Ulnar}} nerve injuries are common in fractures of the {{c1::medial epicondyle::proximal lesion}}.
Published	11/07/2024	90% of glenohumeral (shoulder) joint dislocations are considered {{c1::"anterior dislocations"}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Of the rotator cuff muscles, the {{c1::supraspinatus}} is the most frequently inflamed and torn muscle.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::long head of the biceps}} generally tears due to "wear and tear" or prolonged tendonitis or chronic arthritis within the shoulder joint.
Published	11/07/2024	Embryologically, connective tissue is derived from the {{c1::mesoderm}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Connective tissue is divided into two categories: {{c1::connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Connective tissue proper provides resistance to {{c1::pulling and stretching}} forces.
Published	11/07/2024	The four main types of connective tissue proper include:{{c1::1. Dense regular connective tissue2. Dense irregular connective tissue3. Loose (areolar)…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Specialized}} connective tissue is supportive and protective, but also has unique properties and functions.
Published	11/07/2024	The four main types of specialized connective tissue include:{{c1::1. Blood2. Cartilage3. Bone4. Adipose tissue}}
Published	11/07/2024	In {{c1::connective tissue::what tissue?}}, the extracellular matrix is abundant and carries out the main functions of the tissue.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Fibers}} in the ECM are made of proteins and are good at resisting tensile force.
Published	11/07/2024	The predominant cell type in connective tissues are {{c1::fibroblasts}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Elastic fibers are elastic due to elastin, which is composed of cross-linked {{c1::desmosine and isodesmosine}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Collagen}} is the most common type of fiber found in the ECM.
Published	11/07/2024	90% of the collagen in our body is Type {{c1::I}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c2::I}} collagen functions to {{c1::resist tension}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c2::I}} collagen is found in {{c1::bone, skin, tendons, dentin, ligaments, fascia, scar tissue, fibrocartilage, organ caspules, and the cornea}…
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c2::II}} collagen is found in {{c1::hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, vitreous body, and the nucleus pulposus.}}
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c2::II}} collagen primarily functions to {{c1::resist pressure}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c1::II}} collagen fibers are very thin and not easily seen with H&E staining.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c1::III}} collagen ({{c1::reticulin}}) fibers, are extremely fine and delicate, forming web-like structural support inside hematopoietic organs…
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c1::IV}} collagen functions to {{c2::support and anchor epithelial cells}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Type {{c1::IV}} collagen is found in the basal lamina of basement membranes.
Published	11/07/2024	The space between fibers of the ECM and connective tissues is filled with {{c1::ground substance}}.
Published	11/07/2024	In the ECM, {{c1::ground substance}} acts a barrier to potential invaders due to its viscosity.
Published	11/07/2024	Ground substance contains large molecules called {{c1::glycosaminoglycans (GAGS), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Proteoglycans}} act as a stabilizer and barrier for connective tissue.
Published	11/07/2024	Types of connective tissue cells include (2):{{c1::1. Transient cells2. Resident cells}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Transient}} connective cells include {{c1::macrophages, lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and granulocytes}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Resident}} connective cells include {{c2::pericytes, adipocytes, mast cells, and fibroblasts}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Fibroblasts}} make {{c2::collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and many parts of the ground substance}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Fibroblasts do not normally undergo {{c1::mitosis}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Inactive (resting) fibroblasts have an {{c1::oval}} shape with {{c1::multiple nucleoli::one/multiple nuclei}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Active::Active/Inactive?}} fibroblasts have a {{c1::fusiform shape, many Golgi complexes, and an extensive rough ER}}.
Published	11/07/2024	fe44aa2616b0443f97fec8e1791c33ba-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	fe44aa2616b0443f97fec8e1791c33ba-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	fe44aa2616b0443f97fec8e1791c33ba-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	fe44aa2616b0443f97fec8e1791c33ba-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	cd2e1eb36fa5481298ceccfa96e14917-ao-1
Published	11/07/2024	cd2e1eb36fa5481298ceccfa96e14917-ao-2
Published	11/07/2024	cd2e1eb36fa5481298ceccfa96e14917-ao-3
Published	11/07/2024	cd2e1eb36fa5481298ceccfa96e14917-ao-4
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Dense regular}} connective tissue is composed almost entirely of tighly packed, thick bundles of type {{c2::I}} collagen fibers, oriented in the…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Dense regular}} connective tissue is great at {{c1::withstanding tension in one direction}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Dense irregular}} connective tissue is similar to regular, but has its type I collagen bundles oriented in {{c1::many different}} directions.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Loose (areolar)}} connective tissue is the most prevalent form of connective tissue in the body.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Loose (areolar)}} connective tissue surrounds and supports delicate structures.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::lamina propria}} support the epithelial lining of the GI and respiratory tracts, formed from {{c2::loose (areolar)}} connective tissue.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Reticular}} connective tissue is composed of type {{c1::III}} collagen {{c2::(reticulin)}} fibers, arranged in an interwoven, net-like pattern.
Published	11/07/2024	Adipocytes are surrounded by a thick, specialized ECM, called the {{c1::basal lamina}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::White::Brown or white?}} adipocytes contain a central lipid droplet that contains fat.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Brown::Brown or white?}} adipocytes are mostly seen in newborns, are smaller, and have multiple lipid droplets per cell.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Adipose}} tissue contains {{c2::adipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Leptin::Hormone}} is largely produced by white adipocytes.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Leptin}} binds to receptors in the {{c2::hypothalamus}} to {{c2::reduce hunger and stimulate satiety}}.
Published	11/07/2024	White adipocytes secrete {{c1::cytokines and inflammatory modulators}}, causing an inflammatory state in obesity.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Subcutaneous}} fat is found in the {{c1::hypodermis}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Visceral}} fat ({{c2::intra-abdominal fat}}) is located {{c1::inside the abdominal cavity, packed between the organs}}.
Published	11/07/2024	After menopause, women's fat migrates from the {{c1::subcutaneous}} to {{c1::visceral}} distribution, increasing cardiovascular risk.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Marrow}} fat is adipose tissue that resides in bone marrow, interspersed with hematopoietic cells.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Ectopic}} fat is pathologic, and can be located {{c1::inside muscle cells or in the liver}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Ectopic fat occurs when white adipocytes {{c1::get too big for their blood supply}} and release {{c1::inflammatory signals like cytokines and cause a …
Published	11/07/2024	Heat generation in brown fat is accomplished by {{c1::mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Obesity in adults is a BMI greater than or equal to {{c1::30}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Underwater weighing}} is the research gold standard for determinig total percent body fat.
Published	11/07/2024	In adults, BMI correlates strongly with total body fat content, but DOES NOT {{c1::MEASURE BODY FAT}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Granulocytes include (3):{{c1::1. Neutrophils2. Basophiles3. Eosinophils}}
Published	11/07/2024	Granulocytes arise from the {{c1::pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the most common type of WBC.
Published	11/07/2024	The "first responders" to infections caused by extracellular pathogens are {{c1::neutrophils}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are twice as large as RBC's in diameter. Often referred to as polymorphonuclear cells due to a nucleus composed of 3-5 lobes of th…
Published	11/07/2024	The nucleus of a neutrophil takes on a {{c1::U}} shape ({{c1::band forms}}) right before it segments.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Band}} cells are immature neutrophils normally found only in the bone marrow. Found elsewhere during infection (during "left shift").
Published	11/07/2024	Hypersegmentation (over {{c3::5}} nuclear lobes) of neutrophils is caused by {{c2::Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies}}. Appearance is due to {{…
Published	11/07/2024	14b632222abb49978c216642128c9c5a-oa-1
Published	11/07/2024	14b632222abb49978c216642128c9c5a-oa-2
Published	11/07/2024	14b632222abb49978c216642128c9c5a-oa-3
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} function to {{c2::phagocytize and destroy extracellular pathogens, necrotic tissues, and other foreign substances}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Of the small percentage of neutrophils in the blood, half are marginated, meaning they are {{c1::stuck against the side of blood vessel walls}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Corticosteroids}} demarginate neutrophils.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Oxygen-dependent}} killing by granules, is when NADPH oxidase converts oxygen to it's free radical form, which can then damage the invading orga…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Oxygen-independent}} killing occurs when neutrophils {{c2::release their contents into the extracellular space}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Specific (secondary)}} granules make up 80% of the lyosomes of neutrophils and contain {{c1::alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, a…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Azurophilic (primary)}} granules comprise approximately 20% of the granules and contain {{c2::myeloperoxidase}}, {{c2::serine proteases}}, and {…
Status	Last Update	Fields